{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:40:01Z","timestamp":1791232801688,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Amphotericin B (AMB) is an antifungal drug that binds to ergosterol and forms pores at the cell membrane, causing the loss of ions. In addition, AMB induces the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and although these molecules have multiple deleterious effects on fungal cells, their specific role in the action mechanism of AMB remains unknown. In this work, we studied the role of ROS in the action mechanism of AMB. We determined the intracellular induction of ROS in 44 isolates of different pathogenic yeast species (\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Candida albicans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Candida glabrata<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Candida tropicalis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Candida krusei<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Cryptococcus gattii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ). We also characterized the production of ROS in AMB-resistant isolates. We found that AMB induces the formation of ROS in all the species tested. The inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain by rotenone blocked the induction of ROS by AMB and provided protection from the killing action of the antifungal. Moreover, this phenomenon was absent in strains that displayed resistance to AMB. These strains showed an alteration in the respiration rate and mitochondrial membrane potential and also had higher catalase activity than that of the AMB-susceptible strains. Consistently, AMB failed to induce protein carbonylation in the resistant strains. Our data demonstrate that the production of ROS by AMB is a universal and important action mechanism that is correlated with the fungicidal effect and might explain the low rate of resistance to the molecule. Finally, these data provide an opportunity to design new strategies to improve the efficacy of this antifungal.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.03570-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,26]],"date-time":"2014-08-26T02:40:17Z","timestamp":1409020817000},"page":"6627-6638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":221,"title":["The Production of Reactive Oxygen Species Is a Universal Action Mechanism of Amphotericin B against Pathogenic Yeasts and Contributes to the Fungicidal Effect of This Drug"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Ana Cecilia","family":"Mesa-Arango","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Group of Investigative Dermatology, University of Antioquia, Medell\u00edn, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Trevijano-Contador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Fresneda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biology School, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Casas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, IRBLleida, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, IRBLleida, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Arg\u00fcelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biology School, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Pla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Cuenca-Estrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Zaragoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"566","article-title":"A new antifungal antibiotic, amphotericin B","volume":"3","author":"Oura M","year":"1955","unstructured":"OuraMSternbergTHWrightET. 1955. 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