{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:17:37Z","timestamp":1792520257103,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,1]],"date-time":"2014-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            We successfully produced two human \u03b2-defensins (hBD-1 and hBD-2) in bacteria as functional peptides and tested their antibacterial activities against\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serovar Typhi,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            employing both spectroscopic and viable CFU count methods. Purified peptides showed approximately 50% inhibition of the bacterial population when used individually and up to 90% when used in combination. The 50% lethal doses (LD\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            ) of hBD-1 against\n            <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n            Typhi,\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            were 0.36, 0.40, and 0.69 \u03bcg\/\u03bcl, respectively, while those for hBD-2 against the same bacteria were 0.38, 0.36, and 0.66 \u03bcg\/\u03bcl, respectively. Moreover, we observed that bacterium-derived antimicrobial peptides were also effective in increasing survival time and decreasing bacterial loads in the peritoneal fluid, liver, and spleen of a mouse intraperitoneally infected with\n            <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n            Typhi. The 1:1 hBD-1\/hBD-2 combination showed maximum effectiveness in challenging the\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>\n            infection\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            . We also observed less tissue damage and sepsis formation in the livers of infected mice after treatment with hBD-1 and hBD-2 peptides individually or in combination. Based on these findings, we conclude that bacterium-derived recombinant \u03b2-defensins (hBD-1 and hBD-2) are promising antimicrobial peptide (AMP)-based substances for the development of new therapeutics against typhoid fever.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.03628-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,9]],"date-time":"2014-09-09T03:22:56Z","timestamp":1410232976000},"page":"6896-6903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Effective Control of Salmonella Infections by Employing Combinations of Recombinant Antimicrobial Human \u03b2-Defensins hBD-1 and hBD-2"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Soumitra","family":"Maiti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gene Function and Regulation, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunita","family":"Patro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gene Function and Regulation, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukumar","family":"Purohit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gene Function and Regulation, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumeet","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gene Function and Regulation, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shantibhusan","family":"Senapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gene Function and Regulation, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nrisingha","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gene Function and Regulation, Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"247","article-title":"Pathogenesis of typhoid fever","volume":"45","author":"Hornick R","year":"1970","unstructured":"HornickR. 1970. 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