{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T19:12:55Z","timestamp":1781291575913,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n            gametocytes are not associated with clinical symptoms, but they are responsible for transmitting the pathogen to mosquitoes. Therefore, gametocytocidal interventions are important for malaria control and resistance containment. Currently available drugs and vaccines are not well suited for that purpose. Several dyes have potent antimicrobial activity, but their use against gametocytes has not been investigated systematically. The gametocytocidal activity of nine synthetic dyes and four control compounds was tested against stage V gametocytes of the laboratory strain 3D7 and three clinical isolates of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. falciparum<\/jats:named-content>\n            with a bioluminescence assay. Five of the fluorescent dyes had submicromolar 50% inhibitory concentration (IC\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            ) values against mature gametocytes. Three mitochondrial dyes, MitoRed, dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC6), and rhodamine B, were highly active (IC\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            s &lt; 200 nM). MitoRed showed the highest activity against gametocytes, with IC\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            s of 70 nM against 3D7 and 120 to 210 nM against clinical isolates. All compounds were more active against the laboratory strain 3D7 than against clinical isolates. In particular, the endoperoxides artesunate and dihydroartemisinin showed a 10-fold higher activity against 3D7 than against clinical isolates. In contrast to all clinically used antimalarials, several fluorescent dyes had surprisingly high\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            activity against late-stage gametocytes. Since they also act against asexual blood stages, they shall be considered starting points for the development of new antimalarial lead compounds.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.03772-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,30]],"date-time":"2014-09-30T02:09:54Z","timestamp":1412042994000},"page":"7398-7404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effect of Fluorescent Dyes on\n            <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n            -Differentiated, Late-Stage Plasmodium falciparum Gametocytes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Tamirat","family":"Gebru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Eberhard Karls University, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Mordm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Eberhard Karls University, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Held","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9, Gabon"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"World malaria report","author":"WHO","year":"2013","unstructured":"WHO. 2013. World malaria report. WHO Global Malaria Programme, Geneva, Switzerland. http:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/97008\/1\/9789241564694_eng.pdf. Accessed 20 March 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21796"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(81)90019-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-08-520767"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"GatesB. 2007. Malaria Forum keynote address. http:\/\/www.gatesfoundation.org\/media-center\/speeches\/2007\/10\/melinda-french-gates-malaria-forum. 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Ueber die Wirkung des Methylenblau bei Malaria. Ber. Klin. Wochenschr. 39:953\u2013956.","journal-title":"Ber. Klin. 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