{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T10:13:54Z","timestamp":1791627234862,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]],"date-time":"2015-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422748800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Microorganisms from a patient or their environment may colonize indwelling urinary catheters, forming biofilm communities on catheter surfaces and increasing patient morbidity and mortality. This study investigated the effect of pretreating hydrogel-coated silicone catheters with mixtures of\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    bacteriophages on the development of single- and two-species biofilms in a multiday continuous-flow\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    model using artificial urine. Novel phages were purified from sewage, characterized, and screened for their abilities to reduce biofilm development by clinical isolates of their respective hosts. Our screening data showed that artificial urine medium (AUM) is a valid substitute for human urine for the purpose of evaluating uropathogen biofilm control by these bacteriophages. Defined phage cocktails targeting\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. mirabilis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    were designed based on the biofilm inhibition screens. Hydrogel-coated catheters were pretreated with one or both cocktails and challenged with approximately 1 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU\/ml of the corresponding pathogen(s). The biofilm growth on the catheter surfaces in AUM was monitored over 72 to 96 h. Phage pretreatment reduced\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n                    biofilm counts by 4 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    CFU\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2264 0.01) and\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. mirabilis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    biofilm counts by &gt;2 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    CFU\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2264 0.01) over 48 h. The presence of\n                    <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. mirabilis<\/jats:named-content>\n                    was always associated with an increase in lumen pH from 7.5 to 9.5 and with eventual blockage of the reactor lines. The results of this study suggest that pretreatment of a hydrogel urinary catheter with a phage cocktail can significantly reduce mixed-species biofilm formation by clinically relevant bacteria.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.03786-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,9]],"date-time":"2014-12-09T00:47:07Z","timestamp":1418086027000},"page":"1127-1137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["Bacteriophage-Mediated Control of a Two-Species Biofilm Formed by Microorganisms Causing Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in an\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Urinary Catheter Model"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Lehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodney M.","family":"Donlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1306801"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(00)90015-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/501964"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1017\/S0195941700056599","article-title":"An evaluation of daily bacteriologic monitoring to identify preventable episodes of catheter-associated urinary tract infection","volume":"3","author":"Garibaldi RA","year":"1982","unstructured":"Garibaldi RA, Mooney BR, Epstein BJ, Britt MR. 1982. 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