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Expression, activity, functional rescue, and overexpression of cysteine synthase (CS) and cystathionine \u03b2-synthase (C\u03b2S) were evaluated in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Leishmania braziliensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes under\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            stress conditions induced by hydrogen peroxide (H\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            O\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            ),\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            -nitroso-\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            -acetylpenicillamine, or antimonial compounds. Our results demonstrate a stage-specific increase in the levels of protein expression and activity of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">L. braziliensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            CS (LbrCS) and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">L. braziliensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            C\u03b2S (LbrC\u03b2S), resulting in an increment of total thiol levels in response to both oxidative and nitrosative stress. The rescue of the CS activity in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Trypanosoma rangeli<\/jats:named-content>\n            , a trypanosome that does not perform cysteine biosynthesis\n            <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n            , resulted in increased rates of survival of epimastigotes expressing the LbrCS under stress conditions compared to those of wild-type parasites. We also found that the ability of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">L. braziliensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            promastigotes and amastigotes overexpressing LbrCS and LbrC\u03b2S to resist oxidative stress was significantly enhanced compared to that of nontransfected cells, resulting in a phenotype far more resistant to treatment with the pentavalent form of Sb\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            . In conclusion, the upregulation of protein expression and increment of the levels of LbrCS and LbrC\u03b2S activity alter parasite resistance to antimonials and may influence the efficacy of antimony treatment of New World leishmaniasis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.04880-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,2]],"date-time":"2015-06-02T13:55:09Z","timestamp":1433253309000},"page":"4770-4781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Upregulation of Cysteine Synthase and Cystathionine \u03b2-Synthase Contributes to Leishmania braziliensis Survival under Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Ibeth","family":"Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rios de Protozoologia e de Bioinform\u00e1tica, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jair","family":"T\u00e9llez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rios de Protozoologia e de Bioinform\u00e1tica, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro Jos\u00e9","family":"Romanha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rios de Protozoologia e de Bioinform\u00e1tica, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Steindel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rios de Protozoologia e de Bioinform\u00e1tica, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmundo Carlos","family":"Grisard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rios de Protozoologia e de Bioinform\u00e1tica, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10178-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"73","article-title":"Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in children","volume":"67","author":"Minodier P","year":"2007","unstructured":"Minodier P, No\u00ebl G, Blanc P, Uters M, Retornaz K, Garnier JM. 2007. 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