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The major virulence determinants of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            are its cell surface Arg- and Lys-specific cysteine proteinases, RgpA\/B and Kgp. Lactoferrin (LF), an 80-kDa iron-binding glycoprotein found in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid, is believed to play an important role in innate immunity. In this study, bovine milk LF displayed proteinase inhibitory activity against\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            whole cells, significantly inhibiting both Arg- and Lys-specific proteolytic activities. LF inhibited the Arg-specific activity of purified RgpB, which lacks adhesin domains, and also inhibited the same activity of the RgpA\/Kgp proteinase-adhesin complexes in a time-dependent manner, with a first-order inactivation rate constant (\n            <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>inact<\/jats:sub>\n            ) of 0.023 min\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            and an inhibitor affinity constant (\n            <jats:italic>\n              K\n              <jats:sub>I<\/jats:sub>\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            ) of 5.02 \u03bcM. LF inhibited\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            biofilm formation by &gt;80% at concentrations above 0.625 \u03bcM. LF was relatively resistant to hydrolysis by\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            cells but was cleaved into two major polypeptides (53 and 33 kDa) at R\n            <jats:sup>284<\/jats:sup>\n            to S\n            <jats:sup>285<\/jats:sup>\n            , as determined by in-source decay mass spectrometry; however, these polypeptides remained associated with each other and retained inhibitory activity. The biofilm inhibitory activity of LF against\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            was not attributed to direct antibacterial activity, as LF displayed little growth inhibitory activity against planktonic cells. As the known RgpA\/B and Kgp inhibitor\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            -\u03b1-\n            <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n            -tosyl-\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            -lysine chloromethylketone also inhibited\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:named-content>\n            biofilm formation, the antibiofilm effect of LF may at least in part be attributable to its antiproteinase activity.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.05100-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]],"date-time":"2012-01-04T07:55:10Z","timestamp":1325663710000},"page":"1548-1556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Lactoferrin Inhibits Porphyromonas gingivalis Proteinases and Has Sustained Biofilm Inhibitory Activity"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Stuart G.","family":"Dashper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murray Goulburn Nutritionals, Murray Goulburn Co-operative Ltd., Parkville, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Veith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Yen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena C. 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