{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:53:40Z","timestamp":1789433620045,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]],"date-time":"2015-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            In this study, approaches were developed to examine the phenotypes of nonviable clinical varicella-zoster virus (VZV) strains with amino acid substitutions in the thymidine kinase (TK) (open reading frame 36 [ORF36]) and\/or DNA polymerase (Pol) (ORF28) suspected to cause resistance to antivirals. Initially, recombinant TK proteins containing amino acid substitutions described as known or suspected causes of antiviral resistance were analyzed by measuring the TK activity by applying a modified commercial enzyme immunoassay. To examine the effects of these TK and Pol substitutions on the replication of recombinant virus strains, the method of\n            <jats:italic>en passant<\/jats:italic>\n            mutagenesis was used. Targeted mutations within ORF36 and\/or ORF28 and an autonomously expressed gene of the monomeric red fluorescent protein for plaque identification were introduced into the European wild-type VZV strain HJO. Plaque reduction assays revealed that the amino acid substitutions with unknown functions in TK, Q303stop, N334stop, A163stop, and the deletion of amino acids 7 to 74 aa (\u0394aa 7 to 74), were associated with resistance against acyclovir (ACV), penciclovir, or brivudine, whereas the L73I substitution and the Pol substitutions T237K and A955T revealed sensitive viral phenotypes. The results were confirmed by quantitative PCR by measuring the viral load under increasing ACV concentrations. In conclusion, analyzing the enzymatic activities of recombinant TK proteins represent a useful tool for evaluating the significance of amino acid substitutions in the antiviral resistance of clinical VZV strains. However, direct testing of replication-competent viruses by the introduction of nonsynonymous mutations in a VZV bacterial artificial chromosome using\n            <jats:italic>en passant<\/jats:italic>\n            mutagenesis led to reliable phenotypic characterization results.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.05115-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,26]],"date-time":"2015-02-26T13:04:11Z","timestamp":1424955851000},"page":"2726-2734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Drug Resistance of Clinical Varicella-Zoster Virus Strains Confirmed by Recombinant Thymidine Kinase Expression and by Targeted Resistance Mutagenesis of a Cloned Wild-Type Isolate"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Anne-Kathrin","family":"Brunnemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Bohn-Wippert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, German Consulting Laboratory for HSV and VZV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Zell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, German Consulting Laboratory for HSV and VZV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Henke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, German Consulting Laboratory for HSV and VZV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Walther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, German Consulting Laboratory for HSV and VZV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Braum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Maschkowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Fickenscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Sauerbrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, German Consulting Laboratory for HSV and VZV, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andi","family":"Krumbholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"239","article-title":"Swiss recommendations for the management of varicella zoster virus infections","volume":"137","author":"Kempf W","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kempf W, Meylan P, Gerber S, Aebi C, Agosti R, Buchner S, Coradi B, Garweg J, Hirsch H, Kind C, Lauper U, Lautenschlager S, Reusser P, Ruef C, Wunderli W, Nadal D. 2007. 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