{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T02:49:44Z","timestamp":1789267784024,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n is a protist pathogen that can cause serious human infections, including blinding keratitis and a granulomatous amoebic encephalitis that almost always results in death. The current treatment for these infections includes a mixture of drugs, and even then, a recurrence can occur. Photochemotherapy has shown promise in the treatment of\n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n infections; however, the selective targeting of pathogenic\n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n has remained a major concern. The mannose-binding protein is an important adhesin expressed on the surface membranes of pathogenic\n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n organisms. To specifically target\n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n , the overall aim of this study was to synthesize a photosensitizing compound (porphyrin) conjugated with mannose and test its efficacy\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n . The synthesis of mannose-conjugated porphyrin was achieved by mixing benzaldehyde and pyrrole, yielding tetraphenylporphyrin. Tetraphenylporphyrin was then converted into mono-nitrophenylporphyrin by selectively nitrating the\n para<\/jats:italic>\n position of the phenyl rings, as confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The mono-nitrophenylporphyrin was reduced to mono-aminophenylporphyrin in the presence of tin dichloride and confirmed by a peak at\n m\/z<\/jats:italic>\n 629. Finally, mono-aminoporphyrin was conjugated with mannose, resulting in the formation of an imine bond. Mannose-conjugated porphyrin was confirmed through spectroscopic analysis and showed that it absorbed light of wavelengths ranging from 425 to 475 nm. To determine the antiacanthamoebic effects of the derived product, amoebae were incubated with mannose-conjugated porphyrin for 1 h and washed 3 times to remove extracellular compound. Next, the amoebae were exposed to light of the appropriate wavelength for 1 h. The results revealed that mannose-conjugated porphyrin produced potent trophicidal effects and blocked excystation. In contrast,\n Acanthamoeba castellanii<\/jats:named-content>\n incubated with mannose alone and porphyrin alone did not exhibit an antiamoebic effect. Consistently, pretreatment with mannose-conjugated porphyrin reduced the\n A. castellanii<\/jats:named-content>\n -mediated host cell cytotoxicity from 97% to 4.9%. In contrast, treatment with porphyrin, mannose, or solvent alone had no protective effects on the host cells. These data suggest that mannose-conjugated porphyrin has application for the targeted photodynamic therapy of\n Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n infections and may serve as a model in the development of therapeutic interventions against other eukaryotic infections.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.05126-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,9]],"date-time":"2015-03-09T22:03:07Z","timestamp":1425938587000},"page":"3031-3041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Photochemotherapeutic Strategy against Acanthamoeba Infections"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Yousuf","family":"Aqeel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruqaiyyah","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayaz","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Raza","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahrukh","family":"Khoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveed Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.273-307.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2007.00232.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00481-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02260.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70071-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M402334200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2003.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.9.5775-5781.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b311900a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-697-9_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00299-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(97)00036-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jo01288a053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2191-0855-2-47"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.134288"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.02893.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00130404-200203000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"300","article-title":"Delivery of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy","volume":"49","author":"Park S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Park S. 2007. Delivery of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Korean J Gastroenterol 49:300\u2013313. (In Korean.)","journal-title":"Korean J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000059713"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"S147","article-title":"Photodynamic therapies: principles and present medical applications","volume":"16","author":"Silva JN","year":"2006","unstructured":"Silva JN, Filipe P, Morliere P, Maziere JC, Freitas JP, Cirne de Castro JL, Santus R. 2006. Photodynamic therapies: principles and present medical applications. Biomed Mater Eng 16(4 Suppl):S147\u2013S154.","journal-title":"Biomed Mater Eng"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v16.i4.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"4271","article-title":"Vascular effects of photodynamic therapy","volume":"21","author":"Krammer B","year":"2001","unstructured":"Krammer B. 2001. 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