{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:05:00Z","timestamp":1790280300499,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]],"date-time":"2015-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            cysts are resistant to extreme physical and chemical conditions. Autophagy is an essential pathway for encystation of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            cells. To evaluate the possibility of an autophagic\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            encystation mechanism, we evaluated autophagy inhibitors, such as 3-methyladenine (3MA), LY294002, wortmannin, bafilomycin A, and chloroquine. Among these autophagy inhibitors, the use of 3MA and chloroquine showed a significant reduction in the encystation ratio in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            cells. Wortmannin also inhibited the formation of mature cysts, while LY294002 and bafilomycin A did not affect the encystation of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that 3MA and wortmannin inhibited autophagy formation and that chloroquine interfered with the formation of autolysosomes. Inhibition of autophagy or autolysosome formation resulted in a significant block in the encystation in\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            cells. Clinical treatment with 0.02% polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) showed high cytopathic effects on\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            trophozoites and cysts; however, it also revealed high cytopathic effects on human corneal epithelial cells. In this study, we investigated effects of the combination of a low (0.00125%) concentration of PHMB with each of the autophagy inhibitors 3MA, wortmannin, and chloroquine on\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            and human corneal epithelial cells. These new combination treatments showed low cytopathic effects on human corneal cells and high cytopathic effects on\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            cells. Taken together, these results provide fundamental information for optimizing the treatment of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:named-content>\n            keratitis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.05165-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,21]],"date-time":"2015-04-21T02:31:49Z","timestamp":1429583509000},"page":"4020-4025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Autophagy Inhibitors as a Potential Antiamoebic Treatment for Acanthamoeba Keratitis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Eun-Kyung","family":"Moon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Taegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeonchul","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Taegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Il","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Taegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youn-Kyoung","family":"Goo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Taegu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Hee","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of 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