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Furthermore, the<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>effect of thiostrepton on the growth cycle of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Babesia microti<\/jats:named-content>in BALB\/c mice was evaluated. The drugs caused significant inhibition of growth from an initial parasitemia of 1% for<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Babesia bovis<\/jats:named-content>, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>s) of 8.3, 11.5, 12, and 126.6 \u03bcM for ciprofloxacin, thiostrepton, rifampin, and clindamycin, respectively. The IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>s for the inhibition of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Babesia bigemina<\/jats:named-content>growth were 15.8 \u03bcM for ciprofloxacin, 8.2 \u03bcM for thiostrepton, 8.3 \u03bcM for rifampin, and 206 \u03bcM for clindamycin. The IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>s for<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Babesia caballi<\/jats:named-content>were 2.7 \u03bcM for ciprofloxacin, 2.7 \u03bcM for thiostrepton, 4.7 \u03bcM for rifampin, and 4.7 \u03bcM for clindamycin. The IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>s for the inhibition of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Babesia equi<\/jats:named-content>growth were 2.5 \u03bcM for ciprofloxacin, 6.4 \u03bcM for thiostrepton, 4.1 \u03bcM for rifampin, and 27.2 \u03bcM for clindamycin. Furthermore, an inhibitory effect was revealed for cultures with an initial parasitemia of either 10 or 7% for<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Babesia bovis<\/jats:named-content>or<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Babesia bigemina<\/jats:named-content>, respectively. The three inhibitors caused immediate death of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Babesia bovis<\/jats:named-content>and<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Babesia equi<\/jats:named-content>. The inhibitory effects of ciprofloxacin, thiostrepton, and rifampin were confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR. Thiostrepton at a dose of 500 mg\/kg of body weight resulted in 77.5% inhibition of<jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Babesia microti<\/jats:named-content>growth in BALB\/c mice. These results implicate the apicoplast as a potential chemotherapeutic target for babesiosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.05488-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,6]],"date-time":"2012-03-06T05:49:51Z","timestamp":1331012991000},"page":"3196-3206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Apicoplast-Targeting Antibacterials Inhibit the Growth of Babesia Parasites"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"AbouLaila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Minoufiya University, Sadat City, Minoufiya, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tserendorj","family":"Munkhjargal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thillaiampalam","family":"Sivakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akio","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Yoshinari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Nagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Katayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasr","family":"El-Bahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Minoufiya University, Sadat City, Minoufiya, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoaki","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikuo","family":"Igarashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.09.049","article-title":"Evaluation of the in vitro growth-inhibitory effect of epoxomicin on Babesia parasites","volume":"167","author":"AbouLaila M","year":"2010","unstructured":"AbouLailaM NakamuraK GovindY YokoyamaN IgarashiI. 2010. 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