{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:01:44Z","timestamp":1790362904165,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            causes anthrax. Ciprofloxacin is a gold standard for the treatment of anthrax. Previously, using the non-toxin-producing \u0394Sterne strain of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , we demonstrated that linezolid was equivalent to ciprofloxacin for reducing the total (vegetative and spore) bacterial population. With ciprofloxacin therapy, the total population consisted of spores. With linezolid therapy, the population consisted primarily of vegetative bacteria. Linezolid is a protein synthesis inhibitor, while ciprofloxacin is not. Since toxins are produced only by vegetative\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , the effect of linezolid and ciprofloxacin on toxin production is of interest. The effect of simulated clinical regimens of ciprofloxacin and linezolid on the vegetative and spore populations and on toxin production was examined in an\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            pharmacodynamic model over 15 days by using the toxin-producing Sterne strain of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Ciprofloxacin and linezolid reduced the total Sterne population at similar rates. With ciprofloxacin therapy, the total Sterne population consisted of spores. With linezolid therapy, &gt;90% of the population was vegetative\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            . With ciprofloxacin therapy, toxin was first detectable at 3 h and remained detectable for at least 5 h. Toxin was never detected with linezolid therapy. Ciprofloxacin and linezolid reduced the total Sterne population at similar rates. However, the\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            population was primarily spores with ciprofloxacin therapy and was primarily vegetative bacteria with linezolid therapy. Toxin production was detected for at least 5 h with ciprofloxacin therapy but was never detected with linezolid treatment. Linezolid may have an advantage over ciprofloxacin for the treatment of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            infections.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.05724-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,8]],"date-time":"2011-11-08T08:47:43Z","timestamp":1320742063000},"page":"513-517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Differential Effects of Linezolid and Ciprofloxacin on Toxin Production by Bacillus anthracis in an\n            <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n            Pharmacodynamic System"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Arnold","family":"Louie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida-Albany Campus, Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"VanScoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida-Albany Campus, Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Henry S.","family":"Heine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida-Albany Campus, Albany, New York, USA"},{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida-Albany Campus, Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Abshire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari","family":"Holman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kulawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida-Albany Campus, Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida-Albany Campus, Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George L.","family":"Drusano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Florida-Albany Campus, Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"CLSI document M7-A7","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2006","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2006. Methods for dilutional antimicrobial susceptibility testing for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard\u2014seventh edition. CLSI document M7-A7. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2005.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1086\/427189","article-title":"Late treatment with protective antigen-directed monoclonal antibody improves hemodynamic function and survival in a lethal toxin-infused rat model of anthrax sepsis","volume":"191","author":"Cui X","year":"2005","unstructured":"CuiX. 2005. Late treatment with protective antigen-directed monoclonal antibody improves hemodynamic function and survival in a lethal toxin-infused rat model of anthrax sepsis. J. Infect. Dis. 191:422\u2013434.","journal-title":"J. Infect. 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Differential effect of ciprofloxacin (C) and linezolid (L) against Bacillus anthracis (BA) spore and vegetative populations in an in vitro pharmacodynamic (PD) model, abstr A-1828, p 30. Abstr. 48th Annu. Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (ICAAC)-Infect. Dis. Soc. Am. (IDSA) 46th Annu. Meet. American Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Society of America, Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00065-10","article-title":"The combination of meropenem and levofloxacin is synergistic with respect to both Pseudomonas aeruginosa kill rate and resistance suppression","volume":"54","author":"Louie A","year":"2010","unstructured":"LouieA. 2010. The combination of meropenem and levofloxacin is synergistic with respect to both Pseudomonas aeruginosa kill rate and resistance suppression. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54:2546\u20132654.","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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