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By performing cytokine antibody array analysis, we identified two adhesion molecules, L-selectin and P-selectin, which significantly increased when mucosal inflammation was triggered by nonoxynol-9 (N9), an anti-HIV-1 microbicide candidate that failed clinical trials, in a refined murine model of agent-induced cervicovaginal inflammation. We found that patterns of detection of L-selectin and P-selectin were obviously different from those of the two previously defined biomarkers of cervicovaginal inflammation, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). The levels of these two soluble selectins correlated better than those of MCP-1 and IL-6 with the duration and severity of mucosal inflammation triggered by N9 and two approved proinflammatory compounds, benzalkonium chloride (BZK) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), but not by two nonproinflammatory compounds, carboxymethyl celluose (CMC; microbicide excipients) and tenofovir (TFV; microbicide candidate). These data indicated that L-selectin and P-selectin can serve as additional novel cervicovaginal inflammation biomarkers for preclinical mucosal safety evaluation of candidate microbicides for the prevention of infection with HIV and other sexually transmitted pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.05950-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,6]],"date-time":"2012-03-06T05:49:51Z","timestamp":1331012991000},"page":"3121-3132","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["L-Selectin and P-Selectin Are Novel Biomarkers of Cervicovaginal Inflammation for Preclinical Mucosal Safety Assessment of Anti-HIV-1 Microbicide"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Maohua","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benxia","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"},{"name":"Animal Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Center for Animal Experimentation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dihan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaoqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liangzhu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaoming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shibo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOH &amp; 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