{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T02:13:59Z","timestamp":1789611239182,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:named-content>\n            can colonize body surfaces of hospitalized patients. From these sites, invasion into the host and spread to other patients and the hospital environment may occur. The eradication of the organism from the patient's skin is an important infection control strategy during epidemic and endemic episodes. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D), air-exposed human epidermal skin equivalent was exploited to study\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acinetobacter<\/jats:named-content>\n            skin colonization. We characterized the adherence of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. baumannii<\/jats:named-content>\n            ATCC 19606\n            <jats:sup>T<\/jats:sup>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acinetobacter junii<\/jats:named-content>\n            RUH2228\n            <jats:sup>T<\/jats:sup>\n            to and biofilm formation on the skin equivalent and the responses to these bacteria. Furthermore, we assessed the ability of the disinfectant chlorhexidine to decolonize the skin equivalents. The results revealed that both strains replicated on the stratum corneum for up to 72 h but did not invade the epidermis.\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. baumannii<\/jats:named-content>\n            , in contrast to\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. junii<\/jats:named-content>\n            , formed large biofilms on the stratum corneum. Bacterial colonization did not affect keratinocyte activation, proliferation, or differentiation, nor did it induce a strong inflammatory response. Disinfection with chlorhexidine solution resulted in complete eradication of\n            <jats:named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"genus-species\" xlink:type=\"simple\">A. baumannii<\/jats:named-content>\n            from the skin, without detrimental effects. This 3D model is a promising tool to study skin colonization and to evaluate the effects of novel disinfectant and antimicrobial strategies.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.05975-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]],"date-time":"2012-01-31T07:59:10Z","timestamp":1327996750000},"page":"2459-2464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Three-Dimensional Human Skin Equivalent as a Tool To Study Acinetobacter baumannii Colonization"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"de Breij","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth M.","family":"Haisma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Rietveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelouahab","family":"El Ghalbzouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peterhans J.","family":"van den Broek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenie","family":"Dijkshoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H.","family":"Nibbering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.9.2.148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2007.07.023","article-title":"Impact of 4% chlorhexidine whole-body washing on multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii skin colonisation among patients in a medical intensive care unit","volume":"67","author":"Borer A","year":"2007","unstructured":"BorerA. 2007. Impact of 4% chlorhexidine whole-body washing on multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii skin colonisation among patients in a medical intensive care unit. J. Hosp. Infect. 67:149\u2013155.","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0769-2609(87)90042-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1086\/501996","article-title":"Chlorhexidine resistance in antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from the surfaces of dispensers of soap containing chlorhexidine","volume":"23","author":"Brooks SE","year":"2002","unstructured":"BrooksSE WalczakMA HameedR CoonanP. 2002. Chlorhexidine resistance in antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from the surfaces of dispensers of soap containing chlorhexidine. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 23:692\u2013695.","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. 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Replacement of animal-derived collagen matrix by human fibroblast-derived dermal matrix for human skin equivalent products. Biomaterials 30:71\u201378.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2008.03.012","article-title":"Leiden reconstructed human epidermal model as a tool for the evaluation of the skin corrosion and irritation potential according to the ECVAM guidelines","volume":"22","author":"El Ghalbzouri A","year":"2008","unstructured":"El GhalbzouriA SiamariR WillemzeR PonecM. 2008. Leiden reconstructed human epidermal model as a tool for the evaluation of the skin corrosion and irritation potential according to the ECVAM guidelines. Toxicol. In Vitro 22:1311\u20131320.","journal-title":"Toxicol. 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