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It has been shown that the incorporation of ACV-monophosphate into the nascent DNA chain instead of dGMP results in the termination of viral DNA elongation and directly inhibits laboratory strains of HIV-1. We evaluated here the anti-HIV activity of ACV against primary HIV-1 isolates of different clades and coreceptor specificity and against viral isolates resistant to currently used drugs, including zidovudine, lamivudine, nevirapine, a combination of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), a fusion inhibitor, and two protease inhibitors. We found that, at clinically relevant concentrations, ACV inhibits the replication of these isolates in human tissues infected\n            <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            . Moreover, addition of ribavirin, an antiviral capable of depleting the pool of intracellular dGTP, potentiated the ACV-mediated HIV-1 suppression. These data warrant further clinical investigations of the benefits of using inexpensive and safe ACV alone or in combination with other drugs against HIV-1, especially to complement or delay highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation in low-resource settings.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.05986-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,7]],"date-time":"2012-02-07T05:51:54Z","timestamp":1328593914000},"page":"2604-2611","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Exploiting the Anti-HIV-1 Activity of Acyclovir: Suppression of Primary and Drug-Resistant HIV Isolates and Potentiation of the Activity by Ribavirin"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Christophe","family":"Vanpouille","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Program of Physical Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Lisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Program of Physical Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Introini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Program of Physical Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Charles","family":"Grivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Program of Physical Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arshi","family":"Munawwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Merbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Program of Physical Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond F.","family":"Schinazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Derudas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"McGuigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Balzarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonid","family":"Margolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Program of Physical Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi981200e"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/593214"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54668-8","article-title":"Mechanism of the potentiating effect of ribavirin on the activity of 2\u2032,3\u2032-dideoxyinosine against human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"266","author":"Balzarini J","year":"1991","unstructured":"BalzariniJ LeeCK HerdewijnP De ClercqE. 1991. 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