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We suggest that persisters in TB are heterogeneous in nature and comprise various proportions of the population depending on the circumstances; the mechanisms of their formation are complex and may be related to those required for persistence in chronic infection. Results from recent studies implicate multiple pathways for persister formation, including energy production, the stringent response, global regulators, the\n                    <jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>\n                    -translation pathway, proteasomal protein degradation, toxin-antitoxin modules, and transporter or efflux mechanisms. A combination of specifically persister-targeted approaches, such as catching them when active and susceptible either by stimulating them to \u201cwake up\u201d or by intermittent drug dosing, the development of new drugs, the use of appropriate drug combinations, and combined chemotherapy and immunotherapy, may be needed for more effective elimination of persisters and better treatment of TB. Variations in levels of persister formation and in host genetics can play a role in the outcome of clinical treatment, and thus, these may entail personalized treatment regimens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.06288-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,6]],"date-time":"2012-03-06T00:49:51Z","timestamp":1330994991000},"page":"2223-2230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":261,"title":["Targeting Persisters for Tuberculosis Control"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wing Wai","family":"Yew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Barer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1106753"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-46-8-629"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2911(08)60166-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2009.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02779.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)74210-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.02.003","article-title":"Selective killing of nonreplicating mycobacteria","volume":"3","author":"Bryk R","year":"2008","unstructured":"BrykR. 2008. 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