{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:36:07Z","timestamp":1791909367493,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,1]],"date-time":"1998-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":909878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The efficacies of dicationic carbazole compounds, nitazoxanide (NTZ), and paromomycin were evaluated against the AUCp1 isolate of\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>\n            by using a neonatal mouse model. Compounds were solubilized or suspended in deionized water and administered orally by gavage to neonatal mice at a constant dose rate on days 0 to 5 (treatment started on day 0). Dose rates varied for individual carbazole compounds but ranged from 0.65 to 20 mg\/kg of body weight. NTZ was tested at 100 and 150 mg\/kg, and paromomycin was tested at 50 mg\/kg. Efficacies were determined by comparing numbers of oocysts present in treated versus control mice at necropsy examination on day 6. Demonstrable efficacy was observed for several carbazole compounds, based on significant reductions in the numbers of oocysts recovered from treated mice versus control mice. Compounds 1, 7, and 10 (19.0 mg\/kg) reduced oocyst passage in treated mice to less than 5% of that in control mice. Treatment with compounds 6, 8, and 9 (17.0 mg\/kg) resulted in reductions of oocyst output to less than 10% of that in controls. Although they were not comparable in efficacy to compounds 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, treatment with other carbazole compounds resulted in statistically significant reductions in oocyst output in treated versus control mice. Compound 1 retained efficacy resulted in reduction of oocyst output to approximately 6% of that in controls when the dose was reduced to 5 mg\/kg. Further reductions in the dose rate resulted in considerable reductions in anticryposporidial activity. Likewise, the efficacies of compounds 9 and 10 were reduced substantially when the doses were lowered to one-half the screening dose. Paromomycin yielded excellent activity (reduction of oocyst output to &lt;2% of that in controls) at a dose of 50 mg\/kg. NTZ yielded moderate efficacy as powder and injectable formulations administered at 100 mg\/kg orally (reduction of oocyst output to 42 and 26% of that in controls, respectively). Oral administration of the injectable formulation of NTZ at a dose of 150 mg\/kg resulted in improved efficacy (oocyst output, &lt;5% of that in controls).\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.42.11.2877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]],"date-time":"2018-10-09T00:29:45Z","timestamp":1539044985000},"page":"2877-2882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Comparative Efficacy Evaluation of Dicationic Carbazole Compounds, Nitazoxanide, and Paromomycin against\n            <i>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/i>\n            Infections in a Neonatal Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Byron L.","family":"Blagburn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-55191;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn L.","family":"Drain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-55191;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey M.","family":"Land","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-55191;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel G.","family":"Kinard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-55191;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Hutton","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-55191;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-55191;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald A.","family":"Patrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 275992; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Boykin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 303033"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard R.","family":"Tidwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 275992; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.12.2668"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.7.1520"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Blagburn\n              B.\n              Soave\n              R.\n          Prophylaxis and chemotherapy\n          Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis.\n              Fayer\n              R.\n          1997\n          111\n          128\n          CRC Press\n          Boca Raton Fla"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Blagburn B. T. Land K. Drain P. Moore D. Lindsay D. Boykin and R. Tidwell. Dicationic furans inhibit development of Cryptosporidium parvum in Hsd\/ICR suckling Swiss mice. J. Parasitol. in press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00006a009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"Casemore\n              D.\n              Wright\n              S.\n              Coop\n              R.\n          Cryptosporidiosis\u2014human and animal epidemiology\n          Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis. CRC Press Boca Raton Fl\n              Fayer\n              R.\n          1997\n          65\n          92p. 65\u201392."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00052a014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.637"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.19.4.649"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fayer\n              R.\n              Speer\n              C.\n              Dubey\n              J.\n          General biology of Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis.\n              Fayer\n              R.\n          1997\n          1\n          41\n          CRC Press\n          Boca Raton Fla","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351071260-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283382"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283619"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1998.tb05078.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.6.1026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Lindsay D. B. Blagburn and S. Upton. Animal models of Cryptosporidium gastrointestinal infection. In O. Zak and M. Sande (ed.) Handbook of animal models of infection in press. Academic Press New York N.Y."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.4.772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550050202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(94)E0059-V"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0223-5234(99)80064-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"Rose\n              J.\n              Lisle\n              J.\n              Lechevallier\n              M.\n          Waterborne cryptosporidiosis: incidence outbreaks and treatment strategies\n          Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis.\n              Fayer\n              R.\n          1997\n          93\n          109\n          CRC Press\n          Boca Raton Fla"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi971599r"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00166a026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb17862.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113821"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00066a035"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.42.11.2877","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.42.11.2877","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T15:41:22Z","timestamp":1645458082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.42.11.2877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,11]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.42.11.2877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.42.11.2877","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1998-04-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1998-08-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1998-11-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}