{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:29:04Z","timestamp":1784194144552,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,1]],"date-time":"1998-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":909878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Ciprofloxacin, 500 mg, was introduced as the first-line therapy for gonorrhea at St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, London, in 1989, when a surveillance program was initiated to detect the emergence of resistance. Isolates of\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            from consecutive patients attending the Jefferiss Wing, Genitourinary Medicine Clinic at St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, between 1989 and 1997 have been tested for susceptibility to ciprofloxacin by using an agar dilution breakpoint technique. Isolates considered potentially resistant (MIC, &gt;0.12 \u03bcg\/ml) were further characterized by determination of the MICs of ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and penicillin, auxotyped and serotyped, and screened for mutations in the DNA gyrase gene,\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            , and the topoisomerase IV gene,\n            <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n            . A total of 4,875 isolates were tested. While the majority of isolates were highly susceptible (MIC, \u22640.008 \u03bcg of ciprofloxacin\/ml), there was a drift toward reduced susceptibility in\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            isolated between 1993 and 1996 (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.001). In 1997 this drift was reduced but remained above pre-1993 levels. Isolates from 18 patients were classed as potentially resistant (MIC, &gt;0.12 \u03bcg\/ml); all of these belonged to serogroup B, and NR\/IB-1 was the most common auxotype\/serovar class. The infections in 14 of the 18 patients were known to be acquired abroad, and 5 were known to result in therapeutic failure. The surveillance program has established that ciprofloxacin is still a highly effective antibiotic against\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            in this population. However, it has identified a drift in susceptibility which may have resulted from increased usage of ciprofloxacin. High-level resistance has now emerged, although treatment failure is still uncommon.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.42.11.2919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]],"date-time":"2018-10-09T00:29:45Z","timestamp":1539044985000},"page":"2919-2922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Drift in Susceptibility of\n            <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n            to Ciprofloxacin and Emergence of Therapeutic Failure"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Ison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, St. Mary\u2019s Campus,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia J.","family":"Woodford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, St. Mary\u2019s Campus,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Madders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Imperial College School of Medicine, St. Mary\u2019s Campus,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Claydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->The Jefferiss Wing, St. Mary\u2019s Hospital,2 London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"302","article-title":"Rapid emergence of 4-fluoroquinolone resistance with associated decline in penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Colombo, Sri Lanka.","volume":"72","author":"Abeyewickereme I.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Abeyewickereme I. Senaratne L. Prithiviraj V. B. Rapid emergence of 4-fluoroquinolone resistance with associated decline in penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Genitourin. Med. 72 1996 302","journal-title":"Genitourin. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb01297.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"292","article-title":"High-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.","volume":"70","author":"Birley H.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Birley H. McDonald P. Carey P. Fletcher J. High-level ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Genitourin. Med. 70 1994 292 293","journal-title":"Genitourin. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"761","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae\u2014Colorado and Washington, 1995.","volume":"44","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1995","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fluoroquinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae\u2014Colorado and Washington, 1995. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 44 1995 761 764","journal-title":"Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"435","article-title":"The role of effective diagnosis for the control of gonorrhoea in high prevalence populations.","volume":"9","author":"Davies P. O.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Davies P. O. Low N. Ison C. A. The role of effective diagnosis for the control of gonorrhoea in high prevalence populations. Int. J. Sex. Transm. Dis. AIDS 9 1998 435 443","journal-title":"Int. J. Sex. Transm. Dis. AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199705000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.2.561"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.4.1020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.9.2255-2258.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.4.948-950.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199411000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"149","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment for gonorrhoea in the UK.","volume":"73","author":"Fitzgerald M.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fitzgerald M. Antibiotic treatment for gonorrhoea in the UK. Genitourin. Med. 73 1997 149","journal-title":"Genitourin. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.11.2799"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90177-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-141-3-611"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.303.6813.1307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ison C. A. J. R. Dillon and J. W. Tapsall. 1998. The epidemiology of global antibiotic resistance among Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus ducreyi . Lancet 351 (Suppl. III):8\u201311.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)90003-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90035-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.5.1086"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"141","article-title":"Rapid decline in penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Hong Kong associated with emerging 4-fluoroquinolone resistance.","volume":"71","author":"Kam K. M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kam K. M. Lo K. K. Ho N. K. Y. Cheung M. M. Rapid decline in penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Hong Kong associated with emerging 4-fluoroquinolone resistance. Genitourin. Med. 71 1995 141 144","journal-title":"Genitourin. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.9.2200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199701000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.9.2194"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards\n          Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. M100-38.\n          1998\n          National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards\n          Wayne Pa"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","first-page":"90","article-title":"High prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in Japan.","volume":"70","author":"Tanaka M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tanaka M. Kumazawa J. Matsumoto T. Kobayashi I. High prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in Japan. Genitourin. Med. 70 1994 90 93","journal-title":"Genitourin. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.3.579"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00313029209063616"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199509000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199609000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"265","article-title":"Importation into the UK of a strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to penicillin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline.","volume":"71","author":"Turner A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Turner A. Gough K. R. Jephcott A. E. McClean A. N. Importation into the UK of a strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to penicillin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. Genitourin. Med. 71 1995 265 266","journal-title":"Genitourin. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","first-page":"86","article-title":"Associations between serotype and susceptibility to antibiotics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.","volume":"65","author":"Woodford N.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Woodford N. Bindayna K. M. Easmon C. S. F. Ison C. A. Associations between serotype and susceptibility to antibiotics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Genitourin. Med. 65 1989 86 91","journal-title":"Genitourin. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/22.4.463"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.9.1973"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.42.11.2919","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.42.11.2919","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T15:41:09Z","timestamp":1645458069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.42.11.2919"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,11]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.42.11.2919"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.42.11.2919","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1998-05-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1998-08-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1998-11-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}