{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T23:17:43Z","timestamp":1774567063959,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,1]],"date-time":"1998-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":909878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The activities of six new fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin, grepafloxacin, gatifloxacin, trovafloxacin, clinafloxacin, and levofloxacin) compared with those of sparfloxacin and ciprofloxacin with or without reserpine (20 \u03bcg\/ml) were determined for 19\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates, 5\n            <jats:italic>Haemophilus<\/jats:italic>\n            sp. isolates, and 10\n            <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin from patients with clinically confirmed lower respiratory tract infections. Based upon the MICs at which 50% of isolates were inhibited (MIC\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            s) and MIC\n            <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n            s, the most active agent was clinafloxacin, followed by (in order of decreasing activity) trovafloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, sparfloxacin, and grepafloxacin. Except for clinafloxacin (and gatifloxacin and trovafloxacin for\n            <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n            ), none of the new agents had improved activities compared with that of ciprofloxacin for\n            <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n            . A variable reserpine effect was observed for ciprofloxacin and\n            <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            ; however, for 9 of 19 (47%) isolates the MIC of ciprofloxacin was decreased by at least fourfold, suggesting the presence of an efflux pump contributing to the resistance phenotype. The laboratory\n            <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n            (Ser79) mutant strain of\n            <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            required eightfold more ciprofloxacin for inhibition than the wild-type strain, but there was no change in the MIC of sparfloxacin and only a 1-dilution increase in the MICs of the other agents. For efflux pump mutant\n            <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            the activities of all the newer agents, except for levofloxacin, were reduced. Except for clinafloxacin, all second-step laboratory mutants required at least 2 \u03bcg of all fluoroquinolones per ml for inhibition.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.42.11.2956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]],"date-time":"2018-10-09T00:29:45Z","timestamp":1539044985000},"page":"2956-2960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Activities of New Fluoroquinolones against Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Pathogens of the Lower Respiratory Tract"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Laura J. V.","family":"Piddock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Antimicrobial Agents Research Group, Department of Infection,1 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Respiratory Research Laboratory,2 University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Antimicrobial Agents Research Group, Department of Infection,1 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. L.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Respiratory Research Laboratory,2 University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/24.Supplement_1.S67"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/40.4.573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.6.1396"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.1995.tb00027.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/40.5.639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/40.3.458"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.8.2032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.7.1594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/40.2.205"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/35.2.317"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000239474"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.8.1818"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/39.5.671"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.7.1741"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/41.3.420"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/40.3.427"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.3.573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.12.2760"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6922.191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.9.1944"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108153250719"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/33.1.187"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.10.2252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5288.740"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.10.2289"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.12.2635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/30.1.39"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.14.4060-4069.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/35.1.230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/30.1.109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/39.5.609"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","unstructured":"Piddock L. 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E-62\n          Proceedings of the 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.\n          1997\n          124\n          American Society for Microbiology\n          Washington D.C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.11.2505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.2.478"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.3.594"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90313-M"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wise R. and D. Honeybourne. 1996. A review of the penetration of sparfloxacin into the lower respiratory tract and sinuses. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 37 (Suppl. 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