{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T01:49:22Z","timestamp":1772761762290,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]],"date-time":"1998-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":886291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, accumulation, and tolerability over 8 days of an oral formulation of foscarnet (90 mg\/kg of body weight once daily [QD] [\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 6], 90 mg\/kg twice daily [BID] [\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 6], and 180 mg\/kg QD [\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 3]) were investigated in 15 asymptomatic, human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive male patients free of active cytomegalovirus infection and with normal upper gastrointestinal function. Peak plasma drug concentrations were (mean \u00b1 standard deviation) 46.4 \u00b1 10.8 \u03bcM (90 mg\/kg QD), 45.7 \u00b1 6.9 \u03bcM (90 mg\/kg BID), and 64.9 \u00b1 31.7 \u03bcM (180 mg\/kg QD) on day 1 and rose to 86.2 \u00b1 35.8, 78.7 \u00b1 35.2, and 86.4 \u00b1 25.0 \u03bcM, respectively, on day 8. The mean peak concentration in plasma following the intravenous administration of foscarnet (90 mg\/kg) was 887.3 \u00b1 102.7 \u03bcM (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 13). The terminal half-life in plasma remained unchanged, averaging 5.5 \u00b1 2.2 h on day 1 (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 15) and 6.6 \u00b1 1.9 h on day 8 (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 13), whereas it was 5.7 \u00b1 0.7 h following intravenous dosing. Oral bioavailabilities were 9.1% \u00b1 2.2% (90 mg\/kg QD), 9.5% \u00b1 1.7% (90 mg\/kg BID), and 7.6% \u00b1 3.7% (180 mg\/kg QD); the accumulation ratios on the 8th day of dosing were 2.1 \u00b1 1.1, 1.8 \u00b1 0.4, and 1.7 \u00b1 0.7, respectively. The overall 24-h urinary excretion of oral foscarnet averaged 7.8% \u00b1 2.6% (day 1) and 13.4% \u00b1 6.0% (day 8), whereas it was 95.0% \u00b1 4.9% after intravenous dosing. The glomerular filtration rate and creatinine clearance remained constant, and the mean 24-h renal clearances of foscarnet for the entire study group were 96 \u00b1 18 ml\/min (day 1), 88 \u00b1 13 ml\/min (day 8), and 103 \u00b1 16 ml\/min after intravenous dosing. Adverse effects were largely confined to gastrointestinal disturbances, with all subjects experiencing diarrhea that was dose dependent in its severity. The results suggest that the formulation studied would require significant improvement with respect to tolerability and bioavailability to gain clinical acceptance.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.42.2.293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]],"date-time":"2020-04-03T16:22:30Z","timestamp":1585930950000},"page":"293-297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and Absolute Bioavailability of Oral Foscarnet in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Seropositive Patients"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Faruq H.","family":"Noormohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Imperial College School of Medicine,1 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Youle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->HIV Unit, St. Stephen\u2019s Clinic,2 Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Higgs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->HIV Unit, St. Stephen\u2019s Clinic,2 Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Martin-Munley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Astra Inc., Westborough, Massachusetts 01581-45003"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian G.","family":"Gazzard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->HIV Unit, St. Stephen\u2019s Clinic,2 Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariel F.","family":"Lant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Imperial College School of Medicine,1 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-2918(95)80107-3","article-title":"Ganciclovir absolute bioavailability and steady-state pharmacokinetics after oral administration of two 3000 mg\/d dosing regimens in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients.","volume":"17","author":"Anderson R. D.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Anderson R. D. Griffy K. G. Jung D. Dorr A. Hulse J. D. Smith R. B. Ganciclovir absolute bioavailability and steady-state pharmacokinetics after oral administration of two 3000 mg\/d dosing regimens in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients. Clin. Ther. 17 1995 425 432","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.33.5.742"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Barditch-Crovo\n              P.\n              Petty\n              B. G.\n              Gambertoglio\n              J.\n              Nerhood\n              L. J.\n              Kuwahara\n              S.\n              Hafner\n              R.\n              Lietman\n              P. S.\n              Kornhauser\n              D. M.\n          The effect of increasing gastric pH upon bioavailability of orally administered phosphonoformic acid (foscarnet) abstr. WB 2115.\n          Abstracts of the 7th International Conference on AIDS\n          1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)51334-5","article-title":"The colorimetric determination of creatinine by the Jaffe reaction.","volume":"158","author":"Bonsnes R. W.","year":"1945","unstructured":"Bonsnes R. W. Taussky H. H. The colorimetric determination of creatinine by the Jaffe reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 158 1945 581 591","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.1985.tb00742.x","article-title":"Current status on assessment and measurement of glomerular filtration rate.","volume":"5","author":"Br\u00f8chner-Mortensen J.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Br\u00f8chner-Mortensen J. Current status on assessment and measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Clin. Physiol. 5 1985 1 17","journal-title":"Clin. 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