{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:35:57Z","timestamp":1761514557829},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]],"date-time":"1998-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":886291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The efficacy of a series of dinitroaniline herbicide derivatives for the treatment of\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>\n            infections has been studied. The lead compounds oryzalin (compound 1) and trifluralin (compound 2) have low water solubility (&lt;3 ppm) which was alleged to be a major contributor to their poor pharmacokinetic availability. Derivatives of compounds 1 and 2 were synthesized. In these derivatives the functionality at the C-1 amine position or the C-4 position was substituted with groups with various hydrophilicities to determine if a direct relation existed between water solubility and overall activity. The chlorinated precursors of these derivatives were also examined and were found to be less active in the\n            <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n            assays, a result in direct contrast to earlier work with\n            <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n            . Enhanced water solubility alone did not overcome the drug availability problem; however, several candidates with similar activities but with toxicities lower than those of the lead compounds were produced.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.42.2.339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]],"date-time":"2020-04-03T16:19:14Z","timestamp":1585930754000},"page":"339-343","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Synthesis and Evaluation of Dinitroanilines for Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"John W.","family":"Benbow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 180151; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin L.","family":"Bernberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 180151; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Korda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 180151; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan R.","family":"Mead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 300222; and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 300333"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08056.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(94)90089-2","article-title":"Multiple drug effect analysis with confidence interval.","volume":"25","author":"Belen\u2019kii M. S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Belen\u2019kii M. S. Schinazi R. F. Multiple drug effect analysis with confidence interval. Antivir. Res. 25 1994 1 11","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.4.889"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.4.947"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"S56","article-title":"Prophylaxis of opportunistic infections in patients with HIV infection.","volume":"6","author":"Carr A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Carr A. Penny R. Cooper D. A. Prophylaxis of opportunistic infections in patients with HIV infection. J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 6 1993 S56 S60","journal-title":"J. Acquired Immune Defic. 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Endocrinology 129 1991 1769 1778","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1995.tb01540.x","article-title":"Effect and localization of trifluralin in Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: an electron microscopic study.","volume":"42","author":"Kaidoh T.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kaidoh T. Nath J. Fulioka H. Okoye V. Aikawa M. Effect and localization of trifluralin in Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: an electron microscopic study. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 42 1995 61 64","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199301000-00005","article-title":"Effects of enteric parasitoses and HIV infection upon small intestinal structure and function in patients with AIDS.","volume":"16","author":"Kotler D. P.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kotler D. P. Reka S. Chow K. Orenstein J. M. Effects of enteric parasitoses and HIV infection upon small intestinal structure and function in patients with AIDS. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 16 1993 10 15","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"119","article-title":"Bioadhesion technologies for the delivery of peptide and protein drugs to the gastrointestinal tract.","volume":"14","author":"Lehr C.-M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lehr C.-M. Bioadhesion technologies for the delivery of peptide and protein drugs to the gastrointestinal tract. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 14 1994 119 160","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr60274a001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1994.1106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Mead J. R. Unpublished results."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"Nelson R. 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