{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T10:39:46Z","timestamp":1761129586423},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,5,1]],"date-time":"1998-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":893980800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            We present a new experimental model for the simultaneous evaluation of the activities of drugs against\n            <jats:italic>Pneumocystis carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>\n            complex infections. Rats latently infected with\n            <jats:italic>P. carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            were challenged with the MO-1 strain of\n            <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n            and then immunosuppressed with corticosteroids for 7 weeks. At week 5 the RH strain of\n            <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n            was intraperitoneally injected. Organs were examined for the three pathogens after death or killing of the animals at week 7. Without treatment, rats challenged with\n            <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n            died with pulmonary\n            <jats:italic>P. carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            infection and disseminated\n            <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>M. avium<\/jats:italic>\n            infections. In order to assess the value of the model for evaluation of the activities of drugs, we administered by oral gavage for 7 weeks drugs or combinations of drugs selected for their individual efficacies against at least one pathogen. We found that clarithromycin with sulfamethoxazole, clarithromycin with atovaquone, roxithromycin with sulfamethoxazole or dapsone, and rifabutin with atovaquone were effective against the three infections, whereas PS-15 with dapsone and trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole were active against\n            <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>\n            infections only. This triple-infection rat model offers a new tool for the simultaneous evaluation of the activities of drugs against three of the major opportunistic infections occurring in immunosuppressed individuals.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.42.5.1068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]],"date-time":"2018-10-09T00:31:56Z","timestamp":1539045116000},"page":"1068-1072","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Drug Evaluation of Concurrent\n            <i>Pneumocystis carinii<\/i>\n            ,\n            <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n            , and\n            <i>Mycobacterium avium<\/i>\n            Complex Infections in a Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Monique","family":"Brun-Pascaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Institut National de la Sante\u0301 et de la Recherche Me\u0301dicale Unite\u0301 13 Ho\u0302pital Bichat-Claude Bernard,1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Premavathy","family":"Rajagopalan-Levasseur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Institut National de la Sante\u0301 et de la Recherche Me\u0301dicale Unite\u0301 13 Ho\u0302pital Bichat-Claude Bernard,1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franc\u0327oise","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Institut National de la Sante\u0301 et de la Recherche Me\u0301dicale Unite\u0301 13 Ho\u0302pital Bichat-Claude Bernard,1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guyle\u0300ne","family":"Bertrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Institut National de la Sante\u0301 et de la Recherche Me\u0301dicale Unite\u0301 13 Ho\u0302pital Bichat-Claude Bernard,1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Garry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Institut National de la Sante\u0301 et de la Recherche Me\u0301dicale Unite\u0301 13 Ho\u0302pital Bichat-Claude Bernard,1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Derouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Ho\u0302pital St-Louis,2 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Marie","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Ho\u0302pital Rothschild,3 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/33.2.253","article-title":"Treatment of experimental Pneumocystis carinii infection by combination of clarithromycin and sulphamethoxazole.","volume":"33","author":"Adler J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Adler J. 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