{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T21:39:09Z","timestamp":1768081149981,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,6,1]],"date-time":"1998-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":896659200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            A phase I dose-escalating safety and pharmacokinetic study evaluated an oral suspension of micronized atovaquone (m-atovaquone) in infants and children stratified into age groups from 1 month to 12 years of age. Dosages of 10, 30, and 45 mg\/kg of body weight\/day were evaluated as single daily doses over a period of 12 days. Steady-state concentrations in plasma were determined on day 12, and single postdose concentrations were measured on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13, 15, 18, 21, and 24. Prior studies with adults suggest that the average plasma atovaquone concentration of 15 \u03bcg\/ml is associated with therapeutic success in more than 95% of patients with\n            <jats:italic>Pneumocystis carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            pneumonitis. The results showed m-atovaquone to be safe and well tolerated. Dosages of 30 mg\/kg\/day were adequate to achieve an average steady-state concentration of greater than 15 \u03bcg\/ml in children ages 1 to 3 months and 2 to 12 years, but a dosage of 45 mg\/kg\/day was needed to reach this concentration in infants 3 to 24 months of age. The oral suspension of atovaquone is safe and well tolerated in children. A single daily dose of 30 mg\/kg provides bioavailability considered adequate for therapy of\n            <jats:italic>P. carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            pneumonia, but infants between 3 and 24 months of age may require a dosage of 45 mg\/kg\/day.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.42.6.1315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]],"date-time":"2018-10-09T00:32:51Z","timestamp":1539045171000},"page":"1315-1318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Phase I Safety and Pharmacokinetics Study of Micronized Atovaquone in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Infants and Children"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Walter","family":"Hughes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee1;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Dorenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->University of California, San Francisco, California2;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ram","family":"Yogev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Chicago Children\u2019s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois3;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Belinda","family":"Beauchamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico4;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 5-->Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts5;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"McNamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 6-->National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease6 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Moye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 7-->National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,7 Bethesda, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynette","family":"Purdue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 6-->National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease6 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"van Dyke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 8-->Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana8;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 9-->Glaxo-Wellcome, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina9; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Sadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 9-->Glaxo-Wellcome, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina9; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"The Pediatric Aids Clinical Trials","family":"Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 10-->the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland10"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.2.293"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.2.494","article-title":"The activity of atovaquone (566C80) in murine toxoplasmosis is markedly augmented when used in combination with pyrimethamine or sulfadiazine.","volume":"167","author":"Araujo F. G.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Araujo F. G. Lin T. Remington J. S. The activity of atovaquone (566C80) in murine toxoplasmosis is markedly augmented when used in combination with pyrimethamine or sulfadiazine. J. Infect. Dis. 167 1993 494 497","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"USPHS\/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a summary.","volume":"44","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1995","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention USPHS\/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a summary. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 44 1995 1 34","journal-title":"Morbid. Mortal. 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Successful prevention and treatment of babesiosis with atovaquone. J. Infect. Dis. 172 1995 1042 1046","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.5.1295","article-title":"Adverse events associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and atovaquone during the treatment of AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.","volume":"171","author":"Hughes W. T.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hughes W. T. LaFon S. W. Scott J. D. Masur H. Adverse events associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and atovaquone during the treatment of AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. J. Infect. Dis. 171 1995 1295 1301","journal-title":"J. Infect. 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