{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:36:36Z","timestamp":1791909396512,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,8,1]],"date-time":"1998-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":901929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Nitazoxanide (NTZ), a drug currently being tested in human clinical trials for efficacy against chronic cryptosporidiosis, was assessed in cell culture and in two animal models. The inhibitory activity of NTZ was compared with that of paromomycin (PRM), a drug that is partially effective against\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A concentration of 10 \u03bcg of NTZ\/ml (32 \u03bcM) consistently reduced parasite growth in cell culture by more than 90% with little evidence of drug-associated cytotoxicity, in contrast to an 80% reduction produced by PRM at 2,000 \u03bcg\/ml (3.2 mM). In contrast to its efficacy in vitro, NTZ at either 100 or 200 mg\/kg of body weight\/day for 10 days was ineffective at reducing the parasite burden in\n                    <jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected, anti-gamma-interferon-conditioned SCID mice. Combined treatment with NTZ and PRM was no more effective than treatment with PRM alone. Finally, NTZ was partially effective at reducing the parasite burden in a gnotobiotic piglet diarrhea model when given orally for 11 days at 250 mg\/kg\/day but not at 125 mg\/kg\/day. However, the higher dose of NTZ induced a drug-related diarrhea in piglets that might have influenced its therapeutic efficacy. As we have previously reported, PRM was effective at markedly reducing the parasite burden in piglets at a dosage of 500 mg\/kg\/day. Our results indicate that of all of the models tested, the piglet diarrhea model most closely mimics the partial response to NTZ treatment reported to occur in patients with chronic cryptosporidiosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.42.8.1959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]],"date-time":"2018-10-08T20:33:13Z","timestamp":1539030793000},"page":"1959-1965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Efficacy of Nitazoxanide against\n                    <i>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/i>\n                    in Cell Culture and in Animal Models"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Cynthia M.","family":"Theodos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Infectious Diseases, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey K.","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Infectious Diseases, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton,1 and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Family Medicine and Community Health and Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston,2Massachusetts, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"D\u2019Onfro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Infectious Diseases, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Fairfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Opportunistic Infections Research Branch, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saul","family":"Tzipori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Infectious Diseases, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Blagburn\n              B. L.\n              Soave\n              R.\n          Prophylaxis and chemotherapy: human and animal\n          Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis\u20141997.\n              Fayer\n              R.\n          1997\n          111\n          128\n          CRC Press\n          Boca Raton Fla"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"779","article-title":"Pharmacological study of various antihelminthic combinations.","volume":"133","author":"Cavier R.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Cavier R. Rossignol J. F. Pharmacological study of various antihelminthic combinations. Rev. Med. Vet. 133 1982 779 783","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Current\n              W. L.\n          Techniques and laboratory maintenance of Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidiosis of man and animals.\n              Pubey\n              J. P.\n              Speer\n              C. A.\n              Fayer\n              R.\n          1990\n          31\n          49\n          CRC Press\n          Boston Mass","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351071260-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Davis\n              L. J.\n              Soave\n              R.\n              Dudley\n              R. E.\n              Fessel\n              J. W.\n              Faulkner\n              S.\n              Mamakos\n              J. P.\n          Nitazoxanide (NTZ) for AIDS-related cryptosporidial diarrhea (CD): an open-label safety efficacy and pharmacokinetic study abstr. LM50\n          Abstracts of the 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.\n          1996\n          289\n          American Society for Microbiology\n          Washington D.C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.637","article-title":"Nitazoxanide in treatment of cryptosporidial diarrhea and other intestinal parasitic infections associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in tropical Africa.","volume":"56","author":"Doumbo O.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Doumbo O. Rossignol J. F. Pichard E. Nitazoxanide in treatment of cryptosporidial diarrhea and other intestinal parasitic infections associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in tropical Africa. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56 1997 637 639","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.10.2266"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"122","article-title":"Enhanced development of Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro by removal of oocyst toxins from infected cell monolayers.","volume":"61","author":"Eggleston M. T.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Eggleston M. T. Tilley M. Upton S. J. Enhanced development of Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro by removal of oocyst toxins from infected cell monolayers. J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 61 1994 122 125","journal-title":"J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"687","article-title":"Study of the antihelminthic properties of nitazoxanide in dog, cat and sheep.","volume":"131","author":"Euzeby J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Euzeby J. Prom-Tep S. Rossignol J. F. Study of the antihelminthic properties of nitazoxanide in dog, cat and sheep. Rev. Med. Vet. 131 1980 687 696","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Feregrino\n              G. M.\n              Higuera\n              R. F.\n              Rossignol\n              J. F.\n          Extraordinary potency of the nitazoxanida. A new antiparisitary against the Cryptosporidium parvum infections in advanced AIDS.\n          Abstracts from the XIth International Conference on AIDS Vancouver Canada\n          1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"225S","article-title":"In vitro screening of therapeutic agents against Cryptosporidium: hyperimmune cow colostrum is highly inhibitory.","volume":"38","author":"Flanigan T.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Flanigan T. Marshall R. Redman D. Kaetzel C. Ungar B. In vitro screening of therapeutic agents against Cryptosporidium: hyperimmune cow colostrum is highly inhibitory. J. Protozool. 38 1991 225S 227S","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/38.3.399","article-title":"In vitro activity of macrolides alone and in combination with artemisin, atovaquone, dapsone, minocycline or pyrimethamine against Cryptosporidium parvum.","volume":"38","author":"Giacometti A.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Giacometti A. Cirioni O. Scalise G. In vitro activity of macrolides alone and in combination with artemisin, atovaquone, dapsone, minocycline or pyrimethamine against Cryptosporidium parvum. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 38 1996 399 408","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.10.4506-4514.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60117-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.8.1498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(94)E0059-V"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1984.33.511","article-title":"Nitazoxanide in the treatment of Taenia saginata and Hymenolepis nana infections.","volume":"33","author":"Rossignol J. F.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rossignol J. F. Maisonneuve H. Nitazoxanide in the treatment of Taenia saginata and Hymenolepis nana infections. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 33 1984 511 512","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.1.4.450-463.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.4.1160","article-title":"Evaluation of a two-phase scid mouse model preconditioned with anti-interferon-\u03b3 monoclonal antibody for drug testing against Cryptosporidium parvum.","volume":"172","author":"Tzipori S.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tzipori S. Rand W. Theodos C. Evaluation of a two-phase scid mouse model preconditioned with anti-interferon-\u03b3 monoclonal antibody for drug testing against Cryptosporidium parvum. J. Infect. Dis. 172 1995 1160 1164","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60121-9","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum: laboratory investigations and chemotherapy.","volume":"40","author":"Tzipori S.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tzipori S. Cryptosporidium parvum: laboratory investigations and chemotherapy. Adv. Parasitol. 40 1998 188 221","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1996.11813090","article-title":"Efficacy of 101 antimicrobials and other agents in the development of Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro.","volume":"60","author":"Woods K. M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Woods K. M. Nesterenko M. V. Upton S. J. Efficacy of 101 antimicrobials and other agents in the development of Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 60 1996 603 615","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.42.8.1959","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.42.8.1959","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T10:46:54Z","timestamp":1645440414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.42.8.1959"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,8]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.42.8.1959"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.42.8.1959","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1997-11-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1998-05-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1998-08-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}