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Approximately 36% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 100) of avian, pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates obtained from diseased poultry exhibited multiple-antibiotic resistance to tetracycline, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and gentamicin. Clinical avian\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were further screened for the presence of markers for class 1 integrons, the integron recombinase\n                    <jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the quaternary ammonium resistance gene\n                    <jats:italic>qacE\u03941<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in order to determine the contribution of integrons to the observed multiple-antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Sixty-three percent of the clinical isolates were positive for the class 1 integron markers\n                    <jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>qacE\u03941<\/jats:italic>\n                    . PCR analysis with the conserved class 1 integron primers yielded amplicons of approximately 1 kb from\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates positive for\n                    <jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>qacE\u03941<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These PCR amplicons contained the spectinomycin-streptomycin resistance gene\n                    <jats:italic>aadA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Further characterization of the identified integrons revealed that many were part of the transposon Tn\n                    <jats:italic>21<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a genetic element that encodes both antibiotic resistance and heavy-metal resistance to mercuric compounds. Fifty percent of the clinical isolates positive for the integron marker gene\n                    <jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>\n                    as well as for the\n                    <jats:italic>qacE\u03941<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>aadA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    cassettes also contained the mercury reductase gene\n                    <jats:italic>merA<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The correlation between the presence of the\n                    <jats:italic>merA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene with that of the integrase and antibiotic resistance genes suggests that these integrons are located in Tn\n                    <jats:italic>21<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The presence of these elements among avian\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates of diverse genetic makeup as well as in\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    suggests the mobility of Tn\n                    <jats:italic>21<\/jats:italic>\n                    among pathogens in humans as well as poultry.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.43.12.2925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]],"date-time":"2018-10-08T20:34:03Z","timestamp":1539030843000},"page":"2925-2929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":225,"title":["Incidence and Characterization of Integrons, Genetic Elements Mediating Multiple-Drug Resistance, in Avian\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Lydia","family":"Bass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Departments of Microbiology,1"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Avian Medicine,2 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia A.","family":"Liebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Departments of Microbiology,1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margie D.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Avian Medicine,2 and"},{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Medical Microbiology and Parasitology,3 University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne O.","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Departments of Microbiology,1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland 207084"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan G.","family":"Thayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Avian Medicine,2 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Maurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Avian Medicine,2 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.7.1612"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.6.1504"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.8.2184-2185.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.4.846"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.15.4429-4437.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1995.1053","article-title":"Bioconcentration of trace metals in rainbow trout: a field study.","volume":"31","author":"Camusso M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Camusso M. 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