{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:32:17Z","timestamp":1789684337480,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,1]],"date-time":"1999-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":925516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The processes involved in cell death are complex, and individual techniques measure specific fractions of the total population. The interaction of\n            <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            with amphotericin B was measured with fluorescent probes with different cellular affinities. These were used to provide qualitative and quantitative information of physiological parameters which contribute to fungal cell viability. SYBR Green I and 5,(6)-carboxyfluorescein were used to assess membrane integrity, and bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid)trimethine oxonol and 3,3-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide were used to evaluate alterations in membrane potential. The fluorescent indicators were compared with replication competency, the conventional indicator of viability. By using these tools, the evaluation of the response of\n            <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            to amphotericin B time-kill curves delineated four categories which may represent a continuum between alive and dead. The data showed that replication competency (CFU per milliliter) as determined by conventional antifungal susceptibility techniques provided only an estimate of inhibition. Interpretation of fluorescent staining characteristics indicated that\n            <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            cells which were replication incompetent after exposure to greater than 0.5 \u03bcg of amphotericin B per ml still maintained degrees of physiological function.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.43.5.1034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]],"date-time":"2018-10-09T00:34:57Z","timestamp":1539045297000},"page":"1034-1041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Assessment of the Effect of Amphotericin B on the Vitality of\n            <i>Candida albicans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Walter MacKenzie Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Rennie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Walter MacKenzie Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Walter MacKenzie Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/15.3.263","article-title":"Chemical and antigenic alterations of Candida albicans cell walls related to the action of amphotericin B sub-inhibitory doses.","volume":"15","author":"Al-Bassam T.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Al-Bassam T. Poulain D. Giummelly P. Lematre J. Bonaly R. Chemical and antigenic alterations of Candida albicans cell walls related to the action of amphotericin B sub-inhibitory doses. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 15 1985 263 269","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"92","article-title":"In vitro synergistic action of antimycotics and antibiotics on Candida albicans.","volume":"22","author":"Ansehn S.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Ansehn S. In vitro synergistic action of antimycotics and antibiotics on Candida albicans. Curr. Ther. Res. 22 1977 92 99","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(79)85278-9","article-title":"The behavior of oxonol dyes in phospholipid dispersion.","volume":"25","author":"Bashford C. L.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bashford C. L. Chance B. Smith J. C. Yashida T. The behavior of oxonol dyes in phospholipid dispersion. Biophys. J. 25 1979 63 85","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.2.363"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"Bennett\n              J.\n          Antifungal agents\n          Principles and practice of infectious diseases\n          3rd ed.\n              Mandell\n              G. L.\n              Douglas\n              R. G.\n              Bennett\n              J. E.\n          1990\n          404\n          406\n          Churchill Livingstone\n          New York N.Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4157(86)90002-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.19.1.199"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carter\n              E.\n              Paul\n              F.\n              Hunter\n              P.\n          Cytometric evaluation of antifungal agents\n          Flow cytometry in microbiology.\n              Lloyd\n              D.\n          1993\n          111\n          120\n          Springer-Verlag\n          London United Kingdom","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-2017-9_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2911(08)60318-5","article-title":"Adenine nucleotide concentrations and turnover rates. Their correlation with biological activity in bacteria and yeast.","volume":"15","author":"Chapman A.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Chapman A. Atkinson D. Adenine nucleotide concentrations and turnover rates. Their correlation with biological activity in bacteria and yeast. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 15 1977 253 306","journal-title":"Adv. Microb. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2050-0416.1995.tb00883.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"Espinel-Ingroff\n              A.\n              Pfaller\n              M. A.\n          Antifungal agents and susceptibility testing\n          Manual of clinical microbiology\n          6th ed.\n              Murray\n              P. R.\n              Baron\n              E. J.\n              Pfaller\n              M. A.\n              Tenover\n              F. C.\n              Yolken\n              R. H.\n          1995\n          1405\n          1414\n          American Society for Microbiology\n          Washington D.C"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","first-page":"383","article-title":"Reduction of amphotericin resistance in stationary phase cultures of Candida albicans by treatment with enzymes.","volume":"117","author":"Gale E. F.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Gale E. F. Ingram J. Kerridge D. Notario V. Wayman F. Reduction of amphotericin resistance in stationary phase cultures of Candida albicans by treatment with enzymes. J. Gen. Microbiol. 117 1980 383 391","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.4.1088-1091.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"Haugland\n              R. P.\n          Handbook of fluorescent probes and research chemicals\n          5th ed.\n          1992\n          Molecular Probes Inc.\n          Eugene Oreg"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.7.2696-2701.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","first-page":"118","article-title":"Measures of yeast death and deactivation and their meaning, parts I and II.","volume":"22","author":"Jones R. P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jones R. P. Measures of yeast death and deactivation and their meaning, parts I and II. Process Biochem. 22 1987 118 134","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.2.2.61","article-title":"Potentiation of the antifungal effects of antibiotics by amphotericin B.","volume":"2","author":"Kwan B. V.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Kwan B. V. Medoff G. Kobayashi G. Schlessinger D. Potentiation of the antifungal effects of antibiotics by amphotericin B. 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Flow cytometric monitoring of rhodamine 123 and cyanine dye uptake by yeast during cider fermentation. J. Inst. Brew. 102 1996 251 259","journal-title":"J. Inst. Brew."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01867.x","article-title":"The death and lysis of microorganisms in environmental processes.","volume":"39","author":"Mason C. A.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Mason C. A. Hamer G. Bryers J. D. The death and lysis of microorganisms in environmental processes. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 39 1986 373 401","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards\n          Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. Document M27-A.\n          1997\n          National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards\n          Wayne Pa"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.4.665","article-title":"Effects of sublethal concentrations of amphotericin B on Candida albicans.","volume":"154","author":"Nugent K.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Nugent K. Couchot K. Effects of sublethal concentrations of amphotericin B on Candida albicans. J. Infect. Dis. 154 1986 665 669","journal-title":"J. Infect. 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