{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:36:19Z","timestamp":1791423379248,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]],"date-time":"1999-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":928195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            To compare clinical and bacteriological efficacies of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin for typhoid fever, 123 adults with fever and signs of uncomplicated typhoid fever were entered into a randomized trial. Cultures of blood were positive for\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella typhi<\/jats:italic>\n            in 59 patients and for\n            <jats:italic>S. paratyphi<\/jats:italic>\n            A in 3 cases; stool cultures were positive for\n            <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n            in 11 cases and for\n            <jats:italic>S. paratyphi<\/jats:italic>\n            A in 1 case. Multiple-drug resistance (MDR; resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) was present in isolates of 21 of 64 patients with positive cultures. Of these 64 patients, 36 received 1 g of azithromycin orally once on the first day, followed by 500 mg given orally once daily on the next 6 days; 28 patients received 500 mg of ciprofloxacin orally twice daily for 7 days. Blood cultures were repeated on days 4 and 10 after the start of therapy, and stool cultures were done on days 4, 10, and 28 after the start of therapy. All patients in both groups improved during therapy and were cured. Defervescence (maximum daily temperatures of \u226438\u00b0C) occurred at the following times [mean \u00b1 standard deviation (range)] after the start of therapy: 3.8 \u00b1 1.1 (2 to 7) days with azithromycin and 3.3 \u00b1 1.0 (1 to 5) days with ciprofloxacin. No relapses were detected. Cultures of blood and stool during and after therapy were negative in all cases, except for one patient treated with azithromycin who had a positive blood culture on day 4. These results indicated that azithromycin and ciprofloxacin were similarly effective, both clinically and bacteriologically, against typhoid fever caused by both sensitive organisms and MDR\n            <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.43.6.1441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]],"date-time":"2018-10-09T00:35:02Z","timestamp":1539045302000},"page":"1441-1444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Azithromycin versus Ciprofloxacin for Treatment of Uncomplicated Typhoid Fever in a Randomized Trial in Egypt That Included Patients with Multidrug Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Nabil I.","family":"Girgis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas2;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Frenck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehia","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Abbassia Fever Hospital and Egyptian Ministry of Health, Cairo, Egypt3; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Forrest M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Tribble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasik","family":"Khakhria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Bureau of Microbiology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.162","article-title":"Treatment of typhoid fever: randomized trial of a three-day course of cefriaxone versus a fourteen-day course of chloramphenicol.","volume":"52","author":"Acharya G.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Acharya G. Butler T. Ho M. Sharma P. R. Tiwari M. Adhikari R. K. Khagda J. B. Pokhrel B. Pathak U. N. Treatment of typhoid fever: randomized trial of a three-day course of cefriaxone versus a fourteen-day course of chloramphenicol. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 52 1995 162 165","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.490","article-title":"Comparison of clinical features and pathologic findings in fatal cases of typhoid fever during the initial and later stages of the disease.","volume":"56","author":"Azad A. K.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Azad A. K. Islam R. Salam M. A. Alam A. N. Butler T. Comparison of clinical features and pathologic findings in fatal cases of typhoid fever during the initial and later stages of the disease. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56 1997 490 493","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. 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