{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T17:22:09Z","timestamp":1761844929098},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]],"date-time":"1999-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":936144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Chlamydia pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>is a well-established cause of community-acquired pneumonia and bronchitis in adults and children. Chronic infections with<jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>have been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis and other diseases in humans. Methods currently used for the culture and propagation of<jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>are not analogous to the infection as it occurs in vivo. We have established a model of continuous<jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>infection in vitro. HEp-2 cells inoculated with CM-1 and TW-183 strains have been persistently infected for periods of over 1.5 and 2 years, respectively. The cultures were maintained without centrifugation or the addition of cycloheximide, fresh host cells, or chlamydia. We observed cycles of host cell lysis, detachment, and regrowth with both strains of<jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. Continuous<jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>infections may more closely resemble the actual events as they occur in vivo and, therefore, may be a better model for the in vitro study of<jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>infection. When we used continuously infected cells to determine the effects of azithromycin and ofloxacin on<jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>propagation in vitro, we found that both drugs reduced but did not completely eliminate the organism. This may be an important observation, as the failure of antibiotic therapy against<jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>infection in humans has been described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.43.9.2268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]],"date-time":"2018-10-09T00:35:31Z","timestamp":1539045331000},"page":"2268-2272","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["In Vitro Activities of Azithromycin and Ofloxacin against<i>Chlamydia pneumoniae<\/i>in a Continuous-Infection Model"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Andrei","family":"Kutlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York 11203-2098"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia M.","family":"Roblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York 11203-2098"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret R.","family":"Hammerschlag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York 11203-2098"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199001000-00001","article-title":"Spread and persistence of infection with a trachoma biovar strain of Chlamydia trachomatis in multiplying and nonmultiplying McCoy cells.","volume":"17","author":"Benes S.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Benes S. Spread and persistence of infection with a trachoma biovar strain of Chlamydia trachomatis in multiplying and nonmultiplying McCoy cells. Sex. Transm. Dis. 17 1990 1 6","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.86.4.382","article-title":"Effect of antiserum and antibiotics on persistent infection of HeLa cells with meningopneumonitis virus.","volume":"86","author":"Galasso G. J.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Galasso G. J. Manire G. P. Effect of antiserum and antibiotics on persistent infection of HeLa cells with meningopneumonitis virus. J. Immunol. 86 1961 382 385","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.1.178","article-title":"Persistent infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae following acute respiratory illness.","volume":"14","author":"Hammerschlag M. R.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hammerschlag M. R. Chirgwin K. Roblin P. M. Gelling M. Dumornay W. Mandel L. Smith P. Schachter J. Persistent infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae following acute respiratory illness. Clin. Infect. Dis. 14 1992 178 182","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.3.682"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.7.1573"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.4.841"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.33.3.954-957.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.32.2.822-829.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.83.5.529","article-title":"Persistent infection of HeLa cells with meningopneumonitis virus.","volume":"83","author":"Manire G. P.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Manire G. P. Galasso G. J. Persistent infection of HeLa cells with meningopneumonitis virus. J. Immunol. 83 1959 529 533","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.30.3.874-883.1980"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(61)90136-2","article-title":"Serial changes in virus and cells in cultures chronically infected with psittacosis virus.","volume":"14","author":"Officer J. E.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Officer J. E. Brown A. Serial changes in virus and cells in cultures chronically infected with psittacosis virus. Virology 14 1961 88 99","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.8.1968-1971.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129A","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199704001-00777","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae stimulates production of IL-4 and IL-6 in HEp-2 cells.","volume":"41","author":"Roblin P. M.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Roblin P. M. Kutlin A. Hammerschlag M. R. Chlamydia pneumoniae stimulates production of IL-4 and IL-6 in HEp-2 cells. Pediatr. Res. 41 1997 129A","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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