{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:02:28Z","timestamp":1790413348830,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,1]],"date-time":"2000-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":975628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several endogenous cytokines, including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), are necessary for eliminating<jats:italic>Histoplasma capsulatum<\/jats:italic>from tissues. In this study, we explored the efficacy of recombinant murine GM-CSF in the treatment of pulmonary histoplasmosis. This cytokine significantly reduced fungal burden in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment did not consistently produce a better result than treatment started after infection. The biological effectiveness of GM-CSF was not associated with modulation of lung cytokine production or alteration in lung inflammation, but it directly activated a nonadherent lung cell population to exert anti-<jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic>activity. GM-CSF improved survival of T-cell-depleted mice exposed to<jats:italic>H. capsulatum<\/jats:italic>. When combined with a suboptimal amount of amphotericin B, GM-CSF enhanced survival of normal or T-cell-depleted mice given a lethal challenge. These results suggest that this cytokine may be useful as an adjunctive treatment for histoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.44.12.3328-3336.2000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:56:57Z","timestamp":1027763817000},"page":"3328-3336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Recombinant Murine Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Modulates the Course of Pulmonary Histoplasmosis in Immunocompetent and Immunodeficient Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"44","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"George S.","family":"Deepe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reta","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and the Veterans Affairs Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/513989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.7.2564-2569.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6072","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.12.6072","article-title":"Blockade of endogenous TNF-\u03b1 exacerbates primary and secondary pulmonary histoplasmosis by differential mechanisms.","volume":"160","author":"Allendoerfer R.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Allendoerfer R. 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