{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:35:15Z","timestamp":1792658115167,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]],"date-time":"2000-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":959817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We sought to determine the current level of resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the primary pathogens of pediatric conjunctivitis. Between January 1997 and March 1998, we prospectively cultured acute conjunctivitis in 250 ambulatory pediatric patients from rural Kentucky whose average age was 24.3 months. In those 250 cases, 106\n                    <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (42% of the total) and 75\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (30% of the total) pathogens were isolated, with no growth or no pathogen resulting in 79 cases (32% of the total). Beta-lactamase was detected in 60 (69%) of 87 tested strains of\n                    <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Among 65 isolates of\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    tested for penicillin susceptibility, 44 (68%) were susceptible, 17 (26%) were resistant, and 4 (6%) were intermediate. Conjunctivitis with acute otitis media was observed in 97 patients (39%), and\n                    <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    was recovered in 57% of these 97 cases. As for in vitro activity, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and tetracycline were the most active; and gentamicin, tobramycin, polymyxin B-trimethoprim, and polymyxin B-neomycin were intermediately active. Sulfamethoxazole possessed no activity against either pathogen. Beta-lactamase production was detected in 69% of\n                    <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains, which still remains the primary causative pathogen of both conjunctivitis and conjunctivitis-otitis syndrome. Penicillin-nonsusceptible\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    was observed in 32% of 65 patients with\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    conjunctivitis, with most strains being penicillin resistant.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.44.6.1650-1654.2000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T05:56:57Z","timestamp":1027749417000},"page":"1650-1654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Increasing Bacterial Resistance in Pediatric Acute Conjunctivitis (1997\u20131998)"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Stan L.","family":"Block","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Kentucky Pediatric Research, Inc., Bardstown, Kentucky,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Hedrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Kentucky Pediatric Research, Inc., Bardstown, Kentucky,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Kentucky Pediatric Research, Inc., Bardstown, Kentucky,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Kentucky Pediatric Research, Inc., Bardstown, Kentucky,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Findlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Kentucky Pediatric Research, Inc., Bardstown, Kentucky,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen","family":"Keegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Kentucky Pediatric Research, Inc., Bardstown, Kentucky,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dave W.","family":"Stroman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Alcon Research, Ltd., Ft. Worth, Texas2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"Management of acute otitis media in the 1990's: the decade of resistant pneumococcus.","volume":"1","author":"Block S. L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Block S. L. Management of acute otitis media in the 1990's: the decade of resistant pneumococcus. Paediatr. Drugs 1 1999 31 50","journal-title":"Paediatr. Drugs"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199509000-00005","article-title":"Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in acute otitis media: risk factors, susceptibility patterns, and antimicrobial management.","volume":"14","author":"Block S. L.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Block S. L. Harrison C. J. Hedrick J. A. Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in acute otitis media: risk factors, susceptibility patterns, and antimicrobial management. Pediatr. Infect. 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