{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T01:48:12Z","timestamp":1785376092080,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]],"date-time":"2000-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":965088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Prostatitis has remained a pathological entity that is difficult to treat. Part of the difficulty revolves about the putative offending pathogens. For acute prostatitis, members of the\n            <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n            , particularly\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            , play a central role, while intracellular pathogens such as\n            <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n            are more frequently seen in chronic prostatitis. Consequently, a drug needs to be able to penetrate to this specialized site in both the acute and chronic infection forms of the disease and also have potent activity against the most common causative pathogens, both intracellular and extracellular. Levofloxacin has such an activity profile. We wished to document its ability to penetrate to the site of infection. Patients undergoing prostatectomies were administered 500 mg of levofloxacin orally every 24 h for 2 days prior to surgery, and then on the day of surgery, 500 mg was administered as an hour-long, constant-rate intravenous (i.v.) infusion. A set of blood samples was obtained as guided by stochastic optimal design theory. Prostate biopsy times were determined by randomizing subjects into one of four groups, based on the interval after the i.v. dose. All plasma and prostate drug concentrations were comodeled by a population modeling program, BigNPEM, implemented on the Cray T3E Supercomputer housed at the Supercomputer Center at the University of California at San Diego. Penetration was determined as the ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of levofloxacin in the prostate to the plasma levofloxacin AUC. When calculated from the mean population parameters, this penetration ratio was 2.96. We also performed a 1,000-subject Monte Carlo simulation from the mean parameter vector and covariance matrix. The mean penetration ratio here was 4.14 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.20 to 19.6. Over 70% of the population had a penetration ratio in excess of 1.0. Levofloxacin adequately penetrates a noninflamed prostate and should be evaluated for the therapy of prostatitis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.44.8.2046-2051.2000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:06:42Z","timestamp":1027764402000},"page":"2046-2051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["A Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of the Penetration of the Prostate by Levofloxacin"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"G. L.","family":"Drusano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Albany Medical College, Albany,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. L.","family":"Preston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Albany Medical College, Albany,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Van Guilder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Laboratory of Applied Pharmacokinetics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California2;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"North","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->VA Medical Center, Denver, Colorado3;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Gombert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Long Beach Medical Center, Long Beach,4 New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Oefelein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 5-->74th Med Gp\/SGOSU\/CPDR, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio5; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Boccumini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 6-->Advanced Biologics, Inc., Lambertville,6 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Weisinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 7-->Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceuticals, Raritan,7 New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Corrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 6-->Advanced Biologics, Inc., Lambertville,6 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 7-->Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceuticals, Raritan,7 New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(91)80088-O","article-title":"Bacterial prostatitis: new methods of treatment.","volume":"37","author":"Aagaard J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Aagaard J. Madsen P. O. Bacterial prostatitis: new methods of treatment. Urology 37 (Suppl.) 1997 4 8","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/15.suppl_A.59","article-title":"General principles of antibiotic tissue penetration.","volume":"15","author":"Barza M.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Barza M. Cuchural G. General principles of antibiotic tissue penetration. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 15 (Suppl. A) 1985 59 75","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3109\/inf.1981.13.issue-4.09","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ampicillin: assays in muscle tissue and subcutaneous tissue cage fluid from normal and nephrectomized rabbits.","volume":"13","author":"Cars O.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Cars O. Tissue distribution of ampicillin: assays in muscle tissue and subcutaneous tissue cage fluid from normal and nephrectomized rabbits. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 13 1981 283 289","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.10.2256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.12.2749"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"D'Argenio\n              D. Z.\n              Schumitzky\n              A.\n          ADAPT II user's guide.\n          1995\n          University of Southern California\n          Los Angeles Calif"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.5.1098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"141","article-title":"Nonparametric EM algorithms for estimating prior distributions.","volume":"45","author":"Schumitzky A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Schumitzky A. Nonparametric EM algorithms for estimating prior distributions. Appl. Math. Comput. 45 1991 141 157","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Comput."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/43.suppl_3.51","article-title":"Susceptibility to levofloxacin of clinical isolates of bacteria from intensive care and haematology\/oncology patients in Switzerland: a multicentre study.","volume":"43","author":"Siegrist H. H.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Siegrist H. H. Nepa M.-C. Jacquet A. Susceptibility to levofloxacin of clinical isolates of bacteria from intensive care and haematology\/oncology patients in Switzerland: a multicentre study. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43 (Suppl. C) 1999 51 54","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.44.8.2046-2051.2000","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.44.8.2046-2051.2000","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T16:47:33Z","timestamp":1645462053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.44.8.2046-2051.2000"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.44.8.2046-2051.2000"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.44.8.2046-2051.2000","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1999-10-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2000-04-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2000-08-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}