{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T15:47:37Z","timestamp":1761580057462},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]],"date-time":"2001-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":978307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            In Denmark surveillance of the in vitro susceptibility to ciprofloxacin of\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            was established in 1990. The proportion of\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            strains with decreased susceptibility or resistance to ciprofloxacin (MIC \u2265 0.06 \u03bcg\/ml) was low (0.3 to 2.3%) up to 1995. Between 1995 and 1998 the rate of less-susceptible and resistant strains rose from 6.9 to 13.2%. Among ciprofloxacin-resistant strains (MIC \u2265 1 \u03bcg\/ml), 81% were highly resistant (MIC \u2265 4 \u03bcg\/ml). Thirty-five\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            strains (40 isolates) for which ciprofloxacin MICs were 4 to 32 \u03bcg\/ml were investigated for the frequency and patterns of mutations within the\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n            genes. The quinolone resistance-determining regions of the\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n            genes were amplified by PCR, and the amplicons were directly sequenced. Alterations at Ser-91 and Asp-95 in GyrA and a single or double alteration in ParC were identified in 32 strains (91%). Ser-91-to-Phe and Asp-95-to-Gly alterations in GyrA were detected in 28 strains (80%). The most common ParC alteration, Asp-86 to Asn, was found in 19 strains (54%). The strains were analyzed for genetic relationship by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The analysis showed that nine strains with the same mutation pattern in the\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n            genes, originating from different geographical areas over 3 years, had the same PFGE patterns after\n            <jats:italic>Spe<\/jats:italic>\n            I as well as\n            <jats:italic>Nhe<\/jats:italic>\n            I digestion (only one strain with one band difference in the\n            <jats:italic>Nhe<\/jats:italic>\n            I pattern), suggesting that a resistant clone had spread worldwide. The results from this study strongly suggest that double\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            mutations plus a\n            <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n            mutation(s) play an important role in the development of high-level fluoroquinolone resistance in\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.45.1.117-123.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:06:42Z","timestamp":1027764402000},"page":"117-123","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Molecular Basis of High-Level Ciprofloxacin Resistance in\n            <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n            Strains Isolated in Denmark from 1995 to 1998"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Neisseria Unit, Department of Respiratory Infections, Meningitis and STIs, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Lind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Neisseria Unit, Department of Respiratory Infections, Meningitis and STIs, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb01297.x","article-title":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae acquires mutations in analogous regions of gyrA and parC in fluoroquinolone resistant isolates.","volume":"14","author":"Belland R. J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Belland R. J. Morrison S. G. Ison C. A. Huang W. M. Neisseria gonorrhoeae acquires mutations in analogous regions of gyrA and parC in fluoroquinolone resistant isolates. Mol. Microbiol. 14 1994 371 380","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"292","article-title":"High level ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.","volume":"70","author":"Birley H.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Birley H. McDonald P. Carey P. High level ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Genitourin. Med. 70 1994 292 293","journal-title":"Genitourin. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-138-3-523","article-title":"Analysis of the clonal relationships between strains of Neisseria meningitidis by pulsed field gel electrophoresis.","volume":"138","author":"Bygraves J. A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bygraves J. A. Maiden M. C. J. 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