{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T14:36:20Z","timestamp":1784903780433,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]],"date-time":"2001-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":978307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Gatifloxacin (GTX), a new fluoroquinolone with extended antibacterial activity, is an interesting candidate for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP). Besides the antibacterial spectrum, the concentrations in the target tissues and fluids are crucial for the treatment of CBP. Thus, it was of interest to investigate its penetration into prostatic and seminal fluid. GTX concentrations in plasma, urine, ejaculate, prostatic and seminal fluid, and sperm cells were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography method after oral intake of a single 400-mg dose in 10 male Caucasian volunteers in the fasting state. Simultaneous application of the renal contrast agent iohexol was used to estimate the maximal possible contamination of ejaculate and prostatic and seminal fluid by urine. GTX was well tolerated. The means (standard deviations) for the following parameters were as indicated: time to maximum concentration of drug in serum, 1.66 (0.91) h; maximum concentration of drug in serum, 2.90 (0.39) \u03bcg\/ml; area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h, 25.65 \u03bcg \u00b7 h\/ml; and half life, 7.2 (0.90) h. Within 12 h about 50% of the drug was excreted unchanged into the urine. The mean renal clearance was 169 ml\/min. The gatifloxacin concentrations in ejaculate, seminal fluid, and prostatic fluid were in the range of the corresponding plasma concentrations which were 1.92 (0.27) \u03bcg\/ml at approximately the same time point (4 h after drug intake). The concentrations in sperm cells (0.195, 0.076, and 0.011 \u03bcg\/ml) could be determined in three subjects. The good penetration into prostatic and seminal fluid, the good tolerance, and the previously reported broad antibacterial spectrum suggest that GTX may be a good alternative for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis. Clinical studies should be performed to confirm this assumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.45.1.293-297.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:56:57Z","timestamp":1027763817000},"page":"293-297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Concentrations of Gatifloxacin in Plasma and Urine and Penetration into Prostatic and Seminal Fluid, Ejaculate, and Sperm Cells after Single Oral Administrations of 400 Milligrams to Volunteers"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Christoph K.","family":"Naber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Pharmacology, University of Essen, Essen,1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Steghafner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Urology, Hospital St. Elisabeth, Straubing,2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Kinzig-Schippers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->IBMP, Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, Nu\u0308rnberg-Heroldsberg,3 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Sauber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->IBMP, Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, Nu\u0308rnberg-Heroldsberg,3 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fritz","family":"So\u0308rgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->IBMP, Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, Nu\u0308rnberg-Heroldsberg,3 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Ju\u0308rgen","family":"Stahlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Gru\u0308nenthal GmbH, Clinical Research Anti-Infectives, Aachen,4 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt G.","family":"Naber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Urology, Hospital St. Elisabeth, Straubing,2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1159\/000019784","article-title":"The role of antibiotics in the treatment of chronic prostatitis: a consensus statement.","volume":"34","author":"Bjerklund Johansen T. E.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bjerklund Johansen T. E. Gr\u00fcneberg R. N. Guibert J. Hofstetter A. Lobel B. Naber K. G. Palou Redorta J. van Cangh P. J. The role of antibiotics in the treatment of chronic prostatitis: a consensus statement. Eur. Urol. 34 1998 457 466","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.10.2108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.5.1067"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"471","article-title":"The prostatitis syndromes.","volume":"7","author":"Luizzi G.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Luizzi G. The prostatitis syndromes. Int. J. Sex. Transm. Dis. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 7 1996 471 478","journal-title":"Int. J. Sex. Transm. Dis. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.6.1331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"Naber\n              K. G.\n          Role of quinolones in treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis\n          Quinolone antimicrobial agents\n          2nd ed.\n              Hooper\n              D. C.\n              Wolfson\n              J. S. O.\n          1993\n          285\n          297\n          American Society for Microbiology\n          Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/22.Supplement_D.199","article-title":"In-vitro activity of fleroxacin against isolates causing complicated urinary tract infections and concentrations in seminal and prostatic fluid and in prostatic adenoma tissue.","volume":"22","author":"Naber K. G.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Naber K. G. S\u00f6rgel F. Kees F. Schumacher H. Metz R. Grobecker H. In-vitro activity of fleroxacin against isolates causing complicated urinary tract infections and concentrations in seminal and prostatic fluid and in prostatic adenoma tissue. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 22 (Suppl. D) 1988 199 207","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)35877-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"457","article-title":"Pharmakokinetik und Penetration von Tazobactam\/Piperacillin (Tazobac\u00ae) in das Prostatasekret und das Prostataadenomgewebe bei \u00e4lteren Patienten.","volume":"11","author":"Naber K. G.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Naber K. G. S\u00f6rgel F. Kinzig M. Weigel D. E. Pharmakokinetik und Penetration von Tazobactam\/Piperacillin (Tazobac\u00ae) in das Prostatasekret und das Prostataadenomgewebe bei \u00e4lteren Patienten. Fortschr. Antimikrob. Antineoplas. Chemother. 11 1992 457 463","journal-title":"Fortschr. Antimikrob. Antineoplas. 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Diffusion of antibiotics from plasma into prostatic fluid. 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