{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:24:28Z","timestamp":1791239068618,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]],"date-time":"2001-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1004572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The antifungal drug susceptibilities of two collections of\n            <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates obtained through active laboratory-based surveillance from 1992 to 1994 (368 isolates) and 1996 to 1998 (364 isolates) were determined. The MICs of fluconazole, itraconazole, and flucytosine were determined by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution method; amphotericin B MICs were determined by the E-test. Our results showed that the MIC ranges, the MICs at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (MIC\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            s), and the MIC\n            <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n            s of these four antifungal agents did not change from 1992 to 1998. In addition, very small numbers of isolates showed elevated MICs suggestive of in vitro resistance. The MICs of amphotericin B were elevated (\u22652 \u03bcg\/ml) for 2 isolates, and the MICs of flucytosine were elevated (\u226532 \u03bcg\/ml) for 14 isolates. Among the azoles, the fluconazole MIC was elevated (\u226564 \u03bcg\/ml) for 8 isolates and the itraconazole MIC (\u22651 \u03bcg\/ml) was elevated for 45 isolates. Analysis of 172 serial isolates from 71 patients showed little change in the fluconazole MIC over time. For isolates from 58 patients (82% of serial cases) there was either no change or a twofold change in the fluconazole MIC. In contrast, for isolates from seven patients (12% of serial cases) the increase in the MIC was at least fourfold. For isolates from another patient there was a 32-fold decrease in the fluconazole MIC over a 1-month period. We conclude that in vitro resistance to antifungal agents remains uncommon in\n            <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n            and has not significantly changed with time during the past decade.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.45.11.3065-3069.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:06:42Z","timestamp":1027764402000},"page":"3065-3069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Trends in Antifungal Drug Susceptibility of\n            <i>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/i>\n            Isolates in the United States: 1992 to 1994 and 1996 to 1998"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Brandt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Pfaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa2;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana A.","family":"Hajjeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Hamill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Veterans Administration Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas3;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Pappas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama4; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur L.","family":"Reingold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 5-->School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California5"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rimland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 6-->Veterans Administration Medical Center and Emory University School of Medicine,6 Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Warnock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.6.1544-1548.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.5.1370-1372.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.6.1337-a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095646249500600510"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.4.912-917.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.7.1890-1895.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.4.812"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219580000721"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019048-199507000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/42.2.217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/157.4.624"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.1.39"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.11.2881-2886.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314606"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.10.2817-2822.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards\n          Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. Approved standard. Document M27-A.\n          1997\n          National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards\n          Wayne Pa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/19.5.975-a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(98)00120-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.5.837"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","first-page":"314","article-title":"Amphoterin B-resistant Cryptococcus neoformans in a patient with AIDS.","volume":"1","author":"Powderly W. G.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Powderly W. G. Keath E. J. Sokol-Anderson M. Robinson K. Kitz D. Little J. R. Kobayashi G. Amphoterin B-resistant Cryptococcus neoformans in a patient with AIDS. Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract. 1 1992 314 316","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.2.400-404.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313757"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.5.1280-1282.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scholer\n              H. J.\n              Polak\n              A.\n          Resistance to systemic antifungal agents\n          Antimicrobial drug resistance.\n              Bryan\n              L. E.\n          1984\n          393\n          460\n          Academic Press Inc.\n          Orlando Fla","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-138120-2.50019-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.2.508"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/22.2.322"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.45.11.3065-3069.2001","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.45.11.3065-3069.2001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T16:56:09Z","timestamp":1645462569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.45.11.3065-3069.2001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.45.11.3065-3069.2001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.45.11.3065-3069.2001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2001-05-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2001-08-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2001-11-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}