{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T12:40:37Z","timestamp":1783600837343,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,1]],"date-time":"2001-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1007164800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            We found earlier that deferoxamine (DFO), a drug used for treatment of iron overload, is active against a rat model of\n            <jats:italic>Pneumocystis carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            pneumonia (PCP). We had assumed a mode of action by deprivation of nutritional iron; however, data here show that DFO penetrates\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n            <jats:italic>carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            , causing irreversible damage, thus indicating a different mode of action. Penetration was demonstrated by showing DFO uptake by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. By using calcein-AM as an indicator, exposure to DFO was shown to cause a reduction in\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n            <jats:italic>carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            cytoplasmic free iron. Exposure to \u2265100 \u03bcM DFO for \u22658 h in vitro caused growth to cease and cell numbers to decline over several days. This direct and irreversible damage to\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            .\n            <jats:italic>carinii<\/jats:italic>\n            led to the prediction that infrequent delivery of DFO to the lungs via an aerosol would be an effective treatment in the animal model of PCP. This prediction was confirmed by demonstrating that a once-a-week aerosol treatment of rats was 100% effective both as a prophylactic and as a curative treatment in a rat model of PCP.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.45.12.3560-3565.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:55:30Z","timestamp":1027763730000},"page":"3560-3565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Action of Deferoxamine against\n            <i>Pneumocystis carinii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"45","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Allen B.","family":"Clarkson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Medical and Molecular Parasitology1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Turkel-Parrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Medical and Molecular Parasitology1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan H.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Medical and Molecular Parasitology1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lung Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Environmental Medicine,2 New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Department of Environmental Medicine,2 New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim","family":"Merali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Medical and Molecular Parasitology1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.10.2318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.4.577"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.9.1833"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.32.8.1158"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1994.tb06750.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"417","article-title":"Impairment of circulating lactoferrin in HIV-1 infection.","volume":"41","author":"Defer M. C.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Defer M. C. Dugas B. Picard O. Damais C. Impairment of circulating lactoferrin in HIV-1 infection. Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-Grand) 41 1995 417 421","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-Grand)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1997.2126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hallaway\n              P. E.\n              Hedlund\n              B. E.\n          Therapeutic strategies to inhibit iron-catalyzed tissue damage\n          Iron and human disease.\n              Lauffeu\n              R. 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