{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T07:42:45Z","timestamp":1772782965105,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]],"date-time":"2001-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":983404800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The in vitro activities of ciprofloxacin, trovafloxacin, moxifloxacin, and grepafloxacin against 174 strains of\n            <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            isolated in Sydney, Australia, were determined. The strains included 84 quinolone-less-sensitive and -resistant\n            <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n            (QRNG) strains for which ciprofloxacin MICs were in the range of 0.12 to 16 \u03bcg\/ml. The QRNG included strains isolated from patients whose infections were acquired in a number of countries, mostly in Southeast Asia. The\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n            quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of 18 selected QRNG strains were sequenced, and the amino acid mutations observed were related to the MICs obtained. The activities of moxifloxacin and grepafloxacin against QRNG were comparable to that of ciprofloxacin. Trovafloxacin was more active than the other quinolones against some but not all of the QRNG strains. Increments in ciprofloxacin resistance occurred in a step-wise manner with point mutations initiated in\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            resulting in amino acid alterations Ser91-to-Phe, Ser91-to-Tyr, Asp95-to-Gly, and Asp95-to-Asn. Single\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            changes correlated with ciprofloxacin MICs in the range 0.12 to 1 \u03bcg\/ml. The Ser91 changes in GyrA were associated with higher MICs and further QRDR changes. QRNG strains for which ciprofloxacin MICs were greater than 1 \u03bcg\/ml had both\n            <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n            QRDR point mutations. ParC alterations were seen in these isolates only in the presence of GyrA changes and comprised amino acid changes Asp86-to-Asn, Ser87-to-Asn, Ser87-to-Arg, Ser88-to-Pro, Glu91-to-Lys, and Glu91-to-Gln. QRNG strains for which MICs were in the higher ranges had double GyrA mutations, but again only with accompanying ParC alterations. Not only did the nature and combination of GyrA and ParC changes influence the incremental increases in ciprofloxacin MICs, but they seemingly also altered the differential activity of trovafloxacin. Our findings suggest that the newer quinolones of the type examined are unlikely to be useful replacements for ciprofloxacin in the treatment of gonorrhea, particularly where ciprofloxacin MICs are high or where resistance is widespread.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.45.3.734-738.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:56:57Z","timestamp":1027763817000},"page":"734-738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Correlation of In Vitro Susceptibilities to Newer Quinolones of Naturally Occurring Quinolone-Resistant\n            <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n            Strains with Changes in GyrA and ParC"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Tiffany R.","family":"Shultz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2031"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Tapsall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2031"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Department of Microbiology, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2031"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"Ball\n              P.\n          The quinolones history and overview\n          The quinolones\n          2nd ed.\n              Andriole\n              V. T.\n          1998\n          1\n          28\n          Academic Press\n          San Diego Calif"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1994.tb01297.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.33.2.131"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.2.561"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(97)00042-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1086\/517766","article-title":"Correlation between in vitro quinolone susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and outcome of treatment of gonococcal urethritis with single-dose ofloxacin.","volume":"28","author":"Kam K. M.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kam K. M. Lo K. K. Chong L. Y. Au W. F. Wong P. Y. Cheung M. M. Correlation between in vitro quinolone susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and outcome of treatment of gonococcal urethritis with single-dose ofloxacin. Clin. Infect. Dis. 28 1999 1165 1166","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/150.1.44"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.28.1.70-76.1974"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.3.579"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.1.192-195.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199809000-00005","article-title":"Continuing evolution of the pattern of quinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Sydney, Australia.","volume":"25","author":"Tapsall J. W.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tapsall J. W. Limnios E. A. Shultz T. R. Continuing evolution of the pattern of quinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Sydney, Australia. Sex. Transm. Dis. 25 1998 415 417","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","first-page":"226","article-title":"Penicillin sensitivity of gonococci in Australia: the development of an Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme.","volume":"60","author":"Tapsall J. W.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Tapsall J. W. Phillips E. A. Cossins Y. M. Penicillin sensitivity of gonococci in Australia: the development of an Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme. Br. J. Vener. Dis. 60 1984 226 230","journal-title":"Br. J. Vener. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199609000-00014","article-title":"Quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Sydney, Australia, 1991 to 1995.","volume":"23","author":"Tapsall J. W.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tapsall J. W. Phillips E. A. Shultz T. R. Thacker C. Quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Sydney, Australia, 1991 to 1995. Sex. Transm. Dis. 23 1996 425 428","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00313029209063616"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(99)00081-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.8.2103"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)60601-0","article-title":"Gonorrhoea control and antimicrobial resistance.","volume":"351","author":"Weisfuse I. B.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Weisfuse I. B. Gonorrhoea control and antimicrobial resistance. Lancet 351 1998 928","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","first-page":"355","article-title":"Surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the WHO Western Pacific Region 1992\u20131994.","volume":"73","author":"WHO Western Pacific Region Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme","year":"1997","unstructured":"WHO Western Pacific Region Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme Surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the WHO Western Pacific Region 1992\u20131994. Genitourin. Med. 73 1997 355 361","journal-title":"Genitourin. Med."}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.45.3.734-738.2001","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.45.3.734-738.2001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T17:04:08Z","timestamp":1645463048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.45.3.734-738.2001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.45.3.734-738.2001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.45.3.734-738.2001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2000-08-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2000-11-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2001-03-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}