{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T12:37:17Z","timestamp":1773146237641,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,1]],"date-time":"2001-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":986083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Although changing patterns in antimicrobial resistance in\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            have prompted several surveillance initiatives in recent years, the frequency with which these studies are needed has not been addressed. To approach this issue, the extent to which resistance patterns change over a 1-year period was examined. In this study we analyzed\n            <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            antimicrobial susceptibility results produced in our laboratory with isolates obtained over 2 consecutive years (1997\u20131998 and 1998\u20131999) from the same 96 institutions distributed throughout the United States. Comparison of results revealed increases in resistant percentages for all antimicrobial agents studied except vancomycin. For four of the agents tested (penicillin, cefuroxime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin), the increases were statistically significant (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.05). Resistance to the fluoroquinolone remained low in both years (0.1 and 0.6%, respectively); in contrast, resistance to macrolides was consistently greater than 20%, and resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increased from 13.3 to 27.3%. Multidrug resistance, concurrent resistance to three or more antimicrobials of different chemical classes, also increased significantly between years, from 5.9 to 11%. The most prevalent phenotype was resistance to penicillin, azithromycin (representative macrolide), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug-resistant phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance were uncommon; however, two phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance not found in 1997\u20131998 were encountered in 1998\u20131999. This longitudinal surveillance study of resistance in\n            <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            revealed that significant changes do occur in just a single year and supports the need for surveillance at least on an annual basis, if not continuously.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.45.4.1037-1042.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:06:42Z","timestamp":1027764402000},"page":"1037-1042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Need for Annual Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in\n            <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>\n            in the United States: 2-Year Longitudinal Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Daniel F.","family":"Sahm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->MRL, Herndon, Virginia,1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Karlowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->MRL, Herndon, Virginia,1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurie J.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->MRL, Herndon, Virginia,1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian A.","family":"Critchley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->MRL, Herndon, Virginia,1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Utrecht, The Netherlands,2 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clyde","family":"Thornsberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 3-->Brentwood, Tennessee,3 and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Mauriz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, Raritan, New Jersey4"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 4-->Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, Raritan, New Jersey4"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.11.2406"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.2.357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.5.986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199907223410403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0506.990603","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance with Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1997\u20131998.","volume":"5","author":"Doern G. V.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Doern G. V. Brueggemann A. B. Huynh H. Wingert E. Rhomberg P. Antimicrobial resistance with Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1997\u20131998. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5 1999 757 765","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.5.1208"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514953"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.12.3447-3454.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.5.1310"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.8.1901"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.2.462-466.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.12.2667"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.351-353.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards\n          Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically\n          4th ed.\n          17\n          1997 no. 2. Approved standard M7\u2013A4. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Wayne Pa."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards\n          Performance standard for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; ninth informational supplement M100\u2013S9\n          18\n          1999 no. 1. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Wayne Pa."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.9.2225"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.7.1762"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.4.457"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-4399(00)80006-9","article-title":"Information technology: a means for enhancing surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.","volume":"21","author":"Sahm D. F.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sahm D. F. Information technology: a means for enhancing surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 21 1999 169 172","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Newsl."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514783"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.9.2233-2239.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.6.749"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(97)00195-8","article-title":"Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in the United States in the 1996\u20131997 respiratory season.","volume":"29","author":"Thornsberry C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thornsberry C. Oglivie P. T. Kahn J. Mauriz Y. the Laboratory Investigator Group Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in the United States in the 1996\u20131997 respiratory season. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 29 1997 249 257","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000048488","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in respiratory tract pathogens: results of an international surveillance study.","volume":"46","author":"Thornsberry C.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Thornsberry C. Sahm D. F. Antimicrobial resistance in respiratory tract pathogens: results of an international surveillance study. Chemother. 46 (Suppl 1) 1999 15 23","journal-title":"Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-8893(94)90089-2","article-title":"Multicenter in vitro comparative study of fluoroquinolones after four years of widespread clinical use.","volume":"3","author":"Waites K.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Waites K. Rand K. Jenkins S. Yangco B. Brookings E. Gaskins D. Lewis J. Halkias K. Multicenter in vitro comparative study of fluoroquinolones after four years of widespread clinical use. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 3 1994 181 189","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. 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