{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:01:12Z","timestamp":1791298872730,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,1]],"date-time":"2001-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":999302400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            An in vitro kinetic model was used to study the relation between pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) parameters for antimicrobial effect, e.g., the time above MIC (T&gt;MIC), maximum concentration in serum (\n            <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n            ), and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC).\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            were exposed to cefotaxime, and the activity of amoxicillin against four strains of\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            with different susceptibilities to penicillin was studied. The drug elimination rate varied so that the T&gt;MIC ranged from 20 to 100% during 24 h, while the AUC and\/or the initial concentration (\n            <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n            ) were kept constant. For\n            <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            , the maximal antimicrobial effect (\n            <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n            ) at 24 h occurred when the antimicrobial concentration exceeded the MIC for 50 and 80% of the strains tested, respectively. The penicillin-susceptible pneumococci (MIC, 0.03 mg\/liter) and the penicillin-intermediate strain (MIC, 0.25 mg\/liter) showed maximal killing by amoxicillin at a T&gt;MIC of 50%. For a strain for which the MIC was 2 mg\/liter,\n            <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n            needed to be increased to achieve the\n            <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n            . Under the condition that\n            <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n            was 10 times the MIC,\n            <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n            was obtained at a T&gt;MIC of 60%, indicating that\n            <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n            , in addition to T&gt;MIC, may be an important parameter for antimicrobial effect on moderately penicillin-resistant pneumococci. For the strain for which the MIC was 4 mg\/liter, the reduction of bacteria varied from \u22120.4 to \u22123.6 log\n            <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n            CFU\/ml at a T&gt;MIC of 100%, despite an initial antimicrobial concentration of 10 times the MIC. Our studies have shown that the in vitro kinetic model is a useful complement to animal models for studying the PK-PD relationship for antimicrobial effect of antibiotics.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.45.9.2436-2440.2001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:06:42Z","timestamp":1027764402000},"page":"2436-2440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Parameters for Antimicrobial Effects of Cefotaxime and Amoxicillin in an In Vitro Kinetic Model"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"I.","family":"Gustafsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 1-->Departments of Clinical Bacteriology1 and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Lo\u0308wdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Infectious Diseases,2 University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Odenholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Infectious Diseases,2 University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Cars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--label omitted: 2-->Infectious Diseases,2 University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.9.2375"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.4.941"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.8.1599"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549409008618","article-title":"Clinical outcome of acute otitis media caused by pneumococci with decreased susceptibility to penicillin.","volume":"26","author":"Barry B.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Barry B. 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