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If biological weapons, such as<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>spores, and nuclear weapons were used together, casualties could be more severe than they would be from the use of either weapon alone. We previously discovered that a polymicrobial infection developed in B6D2F<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/J mice after nonlethal (7-Gy)<jats:sup>60<\/jats:sup>Co \u03b3 irradiation and intratracheal challenge with<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>Sterne spores 4 days after irradiation. In this present study, we investigated the survival of mice and the response of the polymicrobial infection during the course of antimicrobial therapy with penicillin G procaine, ofloxacin, trovafloxacin, or gatifloxacin. Survival was prolonged, but not ensured, when the mice were treated with either broad-spectrum ofloxacin or narrow-spectrum penicillin G for 7 days beginning 6 or 24 h after challenge. Survival was not prolonged when therapy was delayed more than 24 h after challenge. When these two antimicrobial agents were given for 21 days, the survival rate was increased from 0% for the controls to 38 to 63% after therapy. Therapy with trovafloxacin or gatifloxacin reduced the incidence of mixed infection and improved the rate of survival to 95% (trovafloxacin) or 79% (gatifloxacin), whereas the rate of survival for the controls was 5%. We conclude that the mixed infection induced by<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>in irradiated mice complicates effective therapy with a single antimicrobial agent. To limit mortality following nonlethal irradiation and challenge with<jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>spores, antimicrobial therapy needs to be initiated within a few hours after challenge and continued for up to 21 days.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.46.11.3463-3471.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,16]],"date-time":"2002-10-16T23:01:16Z","timestamp":1034809276000},"page":"3463-3471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Antimicrobial Therapy for<i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>-Induced Polymicrobial Infection in<sup>60<\/sup>Co \u03b3-Irradiated Mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Interactions and Countermeasures Research Team, Radiation Medicine Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20889-5603"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itzhak","family":"Brook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Interactions and Countermeasures Research Team, Radiation Medicine Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20889-5603"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita A.","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Interactions and Countermeasures Research Team, Radiation Medicine Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20889-5603"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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