{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T15:16:52Z","timestamp":1779376612632,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,2,1]],"date-time":"2002-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1012521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>is an important cause of diarrhea in humans and calves and can persistently infect immunocompromised hosts. Presently, there are no consistently effective parasite-specific drugs for cryptosporidiosis. We hypothesized that neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) targeting the apical complex and surface antigens CSL, GP25-200, and P23 could passively immunize against cryptosporidiosis. We recently reported that a formulation of MAbs 3E2 (anti-CSL), 3H2 (anti-GP25-200), and 1E10 (anti-P23) provided significant additive prophylactic efficacy over that of the individual MAbs in neonatal ICR mice. In the present study, these MAbs were evaluated for therapeutic efficacy against persistent infection in adult gamma interferon-depleted SCID mice. 3E2 demonstrated the most significant and consistent therapeutic effect, reducing intestinal infection in two experiments. In one experiment, 3E2 plus 3H2 and 3E2 plus 3H2 plus 1E10 also significantly reduced infection; however, no significant increase in efficacy over 3E2 alone was apparent. The results indicate that anti-CSL MAb 3E2 has highly significant efficacy in reducing, but not eliminating, persistent<jats:italic>C. parvum<\/jats:italic>infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.46.2.275-282.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T10:06:42Z","timestamp":1027764402000},"page":"275-282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Efficacy of Monoclonal Antibodies against Defined Antigens for Passive Immunotherapy of Chronic Gastrointestinal Cryptosporidiosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Riggs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushila J.","family":"Kapil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lise","family":"Barley-Maloney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance E.","family":"Perryman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5769(00)00030-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200011000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.57.8.2283-2288.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"315","volume":"77","year":"1991","unstructured":"Arrowood, M. J., C. R. Sterling, and M. C. Healey. 1991. Immunofluorescent microscopic visualization of trails left by gliding Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites. J. Parasitol.77:315\u2013317.","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"113","volume":"11","year":"2000","unstructured":"Augustine, P. C. 2000. Cellular invasion by avian Eimeria species. Avian Poultry Biol. Rev.11:113\u2013122.","journal-title":"Avian Poultry Biol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.7.1609"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(98)00119-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.2.339"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.3.1172-1176.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.145.1.298","volume":"145","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bjorneby, J. M., M. W. Riggs, and L. E. Perryman. 1990. Cryptosporidium parvum merozoites share neutralization-sensitive epitopes with sporozoites. J. Immunol.145:298\u2013304.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.11.2877"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"111","year":"1997","unstructured":"Blagburn, B. L., and R. Soave. 1997. Prophylaxis and chemotherapy: human and animal, p.111\u2013128. In R. Fayer (ed.), Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.","journal-title":"Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.2000.4545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01471-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"114","volume":"73","year":"1997","unstructured":"Carruthers, V. B., and L. D. Sibley. 1997. Sequential protein secretion from three distinct organelles of Toxoplasma gondii accompanies invasion of human fibroblasts. Eur. J. Cell Biol.73:114\u2013123.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.1999.4768","volume":"93","year":"1999","unstructured":"Casadevall, A. 1999. Passive antibody therapies: progress and continuing challenges. Clin. Immunol.93:5\u201315.","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.6.1437"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.9.5167-5175.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.4108-4116.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.8.3548-3551.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70219-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01474-X","volume":"15","year":"1999","unstructured":"Coombs, G. H. 1999. Biochemical peculiarities and drug targets in Cryptosporidium parvum: lessons from other coccidian parasites. Parasitol. Today15:333\u2013338.","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(98)80068-4","volume":"1","year":"1998","unstructured":"Coppel, R. L., G. V. Brown, and V. Nussenzweig. 1998. Adhesive proteins of the malaria parasite. Curr. Opin. Microbiol.1:472\u2013481.","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60119-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(98)00076-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"330","year":"1996","unstructured":"Eliopoulos, G. M., and R. C. Moellering. 1996. Antimicrobial combinations, p.330\u2013396. In V. Lorian (ed.), Antibiotics in laboratory medicine, 4th ed., The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md.","journal-title":"Antibiotics in laboratory medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.9.4469-4473.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.9.2962-2965.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2307\/3282956","volume":"75","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fayer, R., L. E. Perryman, and M. W. Riggs. 1989. Hyperimmune bovine colostrum neutralizes Cryptosporidium sporozoites and protects mice against oocyst challenge. J. Parasitol.75:151\u2013153.","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"1","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fayer, R., C. A. Speer, and J. P. Dubey. 1997. The general biology of Cryptosporidium, p.1\u201342. In R. Fayer (ed.), Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.","journal-title":"Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514227"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.8.3874-3883.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.9.2503-2508.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.6.2208-2213.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/150.5.768"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00369-7","volume":"17","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jenkins, M. C., C. O\u2019Brien, J. Trout, A. Guidry, and R. Fayer. 1999. Hyperimmune bovine colostrum specific for recombinant Cryptosporidium parvum antigen confers partial protection against cryptosporidiosis in immunosuppressed adult mice. Vaccine17:2453\u20132460.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.7.3429-3432.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.51.1.311"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.10.5282-5291.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1661-1670.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","first-page":"209","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lindsay, D. S. 1997. Laboratory models of cryptosporidiosis, p.209\u2013223. In R. Fayer (ed.), Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.","journal-title":"Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00531630"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3510455"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282489"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1994.1097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(98)01346-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(99)00034-4","volume":"1454","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nesterenko, M. V., K. Woods, and S. J. Upton. 1999. Receptor\/ligand interactions between Cryptosporidium parvum and the surface of the host cell. Biochim. Biophys. Acta1454:165\u2013173.","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199006000-00015","volume":"4","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nord, J., P. Ma, D. DiJohn, S. Tzipori, and C. O. Tacket. 1990. Treatment with bovine hyperimmune colostrum of cryptosporidial diarrhea in AIDS patients. AIDS4:581\u2013584.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.3.996","volume":"143","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nudelman, S., L. Renia, Y. Charoenvit, L. Yuan, F. Miltgen, R. L. Beaudoin, and D. Mazier. 1989. Dual action of anti-sporozoite antibodies in vitro. J. Immunol.143:996\u20131000.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516374"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5734","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.10.5734","volume":"96","year":"1999","unstructured":"Perkins, M. E., Y. A. Riojas, T. W. Wu, and S. M. Le Blancq. 1999. CpABC, a Cryptosporidium parvum ATP-binding cassette protein at the host-parasite boundary in intracellular stages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA96:5734\u20135739.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(96)02681-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00477-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.11.4906-4908.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.1.257-259.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.12.5132-5138.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00080-6","volume":"29","year":"1999","unstructured":"Petry, F., and J. R. Harris. 1999. Ultrastructure, fractionation and biochemical analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites. Int. J. Parasitol.29:1249\u20131260.","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00223-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","first-page":"129","year":"1997","unstructured":"Riggs, M. W. 1997. Immunology: host response and development of passive immunotherapy and vaccines, p.129\u2013161. In R. Fayer (ed.), Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.","journal-title":"Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.5.1927-1939.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.4.1340","volume":"143","year":"1989","unstructured":"Riggs, M. W., T. C. McGuire, P. H. Mason, and L. E. Perryman. 1989. Neutralization-sensitive epitopes are exposed on the surface of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites. J. Immunol.143:1340\u20131345.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.3.1317-1322.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.55.9.2081-2087.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.4.1787","volume":"158","year":"1997","unstructured":"Riggs, M. W., A. L. Stone, P. A. Yount, R. C. Langer, M. J. Arrowood, and D. L. Bentley. 1997. Protective monoclonal antibody defines a circumsporozoite-like glycoprotein exoantigen of Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites and merozoites. J. Immunol.158:1787\u20131795.","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/31723"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00041-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.5.2608-2616.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1991.tb01379.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.7.4117-4134.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.276"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198805123181904"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.8.1959"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.11.4761-4769.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.3.1002-1007.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","first-page":"186","volume":"40","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tzipori, S. 1998. Cryptosporidiosis: laboratory investigations and chemotherapy. Adv. Parasitol.40:186\u2013221.","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.1.4.450-463.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","first-page":"344","year":"1987","unstructured":"Tzipori, S., D. Roberton, D. A. Cooper, and L. White. 1987. Chronic cryptosporidial diarrhoea and hyperimmune cow colostrum. Lancetii:344\u2013345.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90842-O","volume":"98","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ungar, B. L. P., D. J. Ward, R. Fayer, and C. A. Quinn. 1990. Cessation of Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient after treatment with hyperimmune bovine colostrum. Gastroenterology98:486\u2013489.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/593695"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60120-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.10.2891-2894.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00355-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0501.990107"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.46.2.275-282.2002","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.46.2.275-282.2002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T15:59:39Z","timestamp":1682265579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.46.2.275-282.2002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.46.2.275-282.2002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.46.2.275-282.2002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2001-05-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2001-10-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2002-02-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}