{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T04:23:04Z","timestamp":1789446184080,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,1]],"date-time":"2002-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1014940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Free-living amoebae of the genus\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n            are causing serious chronic conditions such as destructive keratitis in contact lens wearers or granulomatous amoebic encephalitis in individuals with compromised immune systems. Both are characterized by the lack of availability of sufficiently effective and uncomplicated, manageable treatments. Hexadecylphosphocholine (miltefosine) is licensed for use as a topical antineoplastic agent, but it is also active in vitro against several protozoan parasites, and it was applied very successfully for the treatment of human visceral leishmaniasis. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of hexadecylphosphocholine and other alkylphosphocholines (APCs) against\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n            spp. The in vitro activities of eight different APCs against three\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n            strains of various pathogenicities were determined. All substances showed at least amoebostatic effects, and some of them disrupted the amoebae, as shown by the release of cytoplasmic enzyme activity. Hexadecylphosphocholine exhibited the highest degree of cytotoxicity against trophozoites, resulting in complete cell death at a concentration as low as 40 \u03bcM, and also displayed significant cysticidal activity. Hexadecylphosphocholine may be a promising new candidate for the topical treatment of\n            <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n            keratitis and, conceivably, even for the oral treatment of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.46.3.695-701.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T09:56:57Z","timestamp":1027763817000},"page":"695-701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Cytotoxic Activities of Alkylphosphocholines against Clinical Isolates of\n            <i>Acanthamoeba<\/i>\n            spp"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Walochnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Clinical Institute of Hygiene"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Duche\u0302ne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Seifert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Obwaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Clinical Institute of Hygiene"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hottkowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Go\u0308ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Wiedermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansjo\u0308rg","family":"Eibl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Go\u0308ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horst","family":"Aspo\u0308ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Clinical Institute of Hygiene"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(87)90543-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00539451"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30092-X","volume":"104","year":"1997","unstructured":"Duguid, I. 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