{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T19:04:50Z","timestamp":1791054290496,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]],"date-time":"2002-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1030838400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 61 strains of<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>and 177 coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains were isolated from the blood of patients with bloodstream infections and from the skin of both children under cancer treatment and human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. The MIC analyses revealed that 118 isolates (50%) were resistant to quaternary ammonium compound-based disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BC). The frequencies of resistance to a range of antibiotics were significantly higher among BC-resistant staphylococci than among BC-sensitive staphylococci. Of 78 BC-resistant staphylococcal isolates, plasmid DNA from 65 (83%), 2 (3%), 43 (55%), and 15 (19%) isolates hybridized to<jats:italic>qacA<\/jats:italic>or -<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>qacA\/B<\/jats:italic>),<jats:italic>qacC<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>blaZ<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>tetK<\/jats:italic>probes, respectively. The<jats:italic>qacA\/B<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>blaZ<\/jats:italic>probes hybridized to the same plasmid in 19 (24%) staphylococcal strains. The plasmids harboring both<jats:italic>qacA\/B<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>blaZ<\/jats:italic>genes varied from approximately 20 to 40 kb. The<jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>Fol62 isolate, harboring multiresistance plasmid pMS62, contained<jats:italic>qacA\/B<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>blaZ<\/jats:italic>together with<jats:italic>tetK<\/jats:italic>. Molecular and genetic studies indicated different structural arrangements of<jats:italic>blaZ<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>qacA\/B<\/jats:italic>, including variable intergenic distances and transcriptional directions of the two genes on the same plasmid within the strains. The different organizations may be due to the presence of various genetic elements involved in cointegration, recombination, and rearrangements. These results indicate that<jats:italic>qac<\/jats:italic>resistance genes are common and that linkage between resistance to disinfectants and penicillin resistance occurs frequently in clinical isolates in Norway. Moreover, the higher frequency of antibiotic resistance among BC-resistant strains indicates that the presence of either resistance determinant selects for the other during antimicrobial therapy and disinfection in hospitals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.46.9.2797-2803.2002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T19:36:19Z","timestamp":1033500979000},"page":"2797-2803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["Frequency of Disinfectant Resistance Genes and Genetic Linkage with \u03b2-Lactamase Transposon Tn<i>552<\/i>among Clinical Staphylococci"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Maan Singh","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MATFORSK, Norwegian Food Research Institute, N-1430 A\u030as"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Even","family":"Heir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Truls","family":"Leegaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karianne","family":"Wiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Askild","family":"Holck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MATFORSK, Norwegian Food Research Institute, N-1430 A\u030as"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"131","volume":"7","year":"1992","unstructured":"Agresti, A. 1992. 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