{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T00:36:45Z","timestamp":1768091805790,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]],"date-time":"2003-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Pneumococcal resistance to antimicrobials presents problems to physicians for empirical treatment of acute otitis media (AOM). Three hundred thirty-three isolates of\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            selected for nonsusceptibility to penicillin (MIC &gt;0.1 \u03bcg\/ml) from the middle ear (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 325) or mastoid (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 8) of children seen between 1994 and 2000 at four children's hospitals in the United States were tested by broth microdilution for susceptibility to nine antibiotics. Using NCCLS 2002 breakpoints, resistance to the following drugs was as indicated: amoxicillin, 1%; azithromycin, 71%; cefprozil, 71%; ceftriaxone, 2%; cefdinir, 98%; erythromycin, 70%; levofloxacin, 0%; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 93%. Of the penicillin- and erythromycin-nonsusceptible isolates, 97% were inhibited by cethromycin (ABT-773) and 83% were inhibited by telithromycin at a concentration of \u22640.125 \u03bcg\/ml. Macrolide resistance among penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococci increased from 44 to 80% in the 6 years of the study from which the isolates were selected; however, the proportion of isolates with M or MLS\n            <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n            phenotypes remained constant over the time period (53 and 18%, respectively). Prior treatment with a macrolide or clindamycin alone or in combination with a \u03b2-lactam resulted in 94 or 85% of isolates causing infections being macrolide and or clindamycin resistant. No prior individual macrolide (azithromycin, erythromycin, or clarithromycin) resulted in more macrolide resistance or in a more prevalent resistance phenotype. The ketolides appear to be active antimicrobials against penicillin- and macrolide-resistant pneumococci.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.47.1.166-169.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,24]],"date-time":"2002-12-24T04:39:08Z","timestamp":1040704748000},"page":"166-169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["In Vitro Activities of Cethromycin (ABT-773), a New Ketolide, against\n            <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>\n            Strains That Are Not Susceptible to Penicillin or Macrolides"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"47","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Edward O.","family":"Mason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine"},{"name":"Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda B.","family":"Lamberth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen R.","family":"Wald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univeristy of California San Diego and the Children's Hospital of San Diego, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Barson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio State University College of Medicine"},{"name":"Children's Hospital of Columbus, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheldon L.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine"},{"name":"Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"35","volume":"11","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baquero, F. 1999. Evolving resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae: a link with long-acting macrolide consumption? J. Chemother.11(Suppl. 1):35-43.","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.2.357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.7.1894-1899.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.6.1721-1729.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1086\/514953","volume":"27","year":"1998","unstructured":"Doern, G. V., M. A. Pfaller, K. Kugler, J. Freeman, and R. N. Jones. 1998. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in North America: 1997 results from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Clin. Infect. Dis.27:764-770.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.2.636-638.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315853"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.7.2147-2150.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.15.1857","volume":"286","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hyde, T. B., K. Gay, D. S. Stephens, D. J. Vugia, M. Pass, S. Johnson, N. L. Barrett, W. Schaffner, P. R. Cieslak, P. S. Maupin, E. R. Zell, J. H. Jorgensen, R. R. Facklam, and C. G. Whitney. 2001. Macrolide resistance among invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. J. Am. Med. Assoc.286:1857-1862.","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan S. L. E. O. Mason Jr. E. R. Wald T. Q. Tan G. E. Schutze J. S. Bradley L. B. Givner K. S. Kim R. Yogev and W. J. Barson. 2001. Six-year multicenter surveillance of invasive pneumococcal infections in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200202000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.3.538","volume":"102","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kaplan, S. L., E. O. Mason, Jr., W. J. Barson, E. R. Wald, M. Arditi, T. Q. Tan, G. E. Schutze, J. S. Bradley, L. B. Givner, K. S. Kim, and R. Yogev. 1998. Three-year multicenter surveillance of systemic pneumococcal infections in children. Pediatrics102:538-545.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2002. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Twelfth informational supplement. NCCLS document M100-S12. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Wayne Pa."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2000. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically 5th ed. vol. 17 no. 2. Approved standard-M7-A4. NCCLS document M7-A4. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Wayne Pa."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1086\/322735","volume":"33","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pihlajamaki, M., P. Kotilainen, T. Kaurila, T. Klaukka, E. Palva, and P. Huovinen. 2001. Macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and use of antimicrobial agents. Clin. Infect. Dis.33:483-488.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. 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