{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T01:50:54Z","timestamp":1785549054711,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]],"date-time":"2003-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1046476800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in humans, animals, and aquaculture; therefore, many bacteria from different ecosystems are exposed to this antibiotic. In order to determine the genetic basis for resistance to tetracycline in bacteria from the oral cavity, saliva and dental plaque samples were obtained from 20 healthy adults who had not taken antibiotics during the previous 3 months. The samples were screened for the presence of bacteria resistant to tetracycline, and the tetracycline resistance genes in these isolates were identified by multiplex PCR and DNA sequencing. Tetracycline-resistant bacteria constituted an average of 11% of the total cultivable oral microflora. A representative 105 tetracycline-resistant isolates from the 20 samples were investigated; most of the isolates carried tetracycline resistance genes encoding a ribosomal protection protein. The most common\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            gene identified was\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (M), which was found in 79% of all the isolates. The second most common gene identified was\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (W), which was found in 21% of all the isolates, followed by\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (O) and\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (Q) (10.5 and 9.5% of the isolates, respectively) and then\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (S) (2.8% of the isolates). Tetracycline resistance genes encoding an efflux protein were detected in 4.8% of all the tetracycline-resistant isolates; 2.8% of the isolates had\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (L) and 1% carried\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (A) and\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (K) each. The results have shown that a variety of tetracycline resistance genes are present in the oral microflora of healthy adults. This is the first report of\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (W) in oral bacteria and the first report to show that\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (O),\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (Q),\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (A), and\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (S) can be found in some oral species.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.47.3.878-882.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,25]],"date-time":"2003-02-25T18:22:21Z","timestamp":1046197341000},"page":"878-882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Prevalence of Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Oral Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Villedieu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastman Dental Institute, Department of Microbiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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