{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T13:51:14Z","timestamp":1793368274806,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,1]],"date-time":"2003-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1057017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Fluoroquinolone use in poultry production may select for resistant\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            that can be transmitted to humans. To define the prevalence and virulence potential of poultry-associated, quinolone-resistant\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            in the United States, 169 retail chicken products from the Minneapolis-St. Paul area (1999 to 2000) were screened for nalidixic acid (Nal)-resistant\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            . Sixty-two (37%) products yielded Nal-resistant\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            . From 55 products that yielded both Nal-resistant and susceptible\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            , two isolates (one resistant, one susceptible) per sample were further characterized. Twenty-three (21%) of the 110\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates (13 resistant, 10 susceptible) satisfied criteria for extraintestinal pathogenic\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            (ExPEC), i.e., exhibited \u22652 of\n            <jats:italic>pap<\/jats:italic>\n            (P fimbriae),\n            <jats:italic>sfa\/foc<\/jats:italic>\n            (S\/F1C fimbriae),\n            <jats:italic>afa\/dra<\/jats:italic>\n            (Dr binding adhesins),\n            <jats:italic>iutA<\/jats:italic>\n            (aerobactin receptor), and\n            <jats:italic>kpsMT<\/jats:italic>\n            II (group 2 capsule synthesis). Compared with other isolates, ExPEC isolates more often derived from virulence-associated\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            phylogenetic groups B2 or D (74% versus 32%;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.001) and exhibited more ExPEC-associated virulence markers (median, 10.0 versus 4.0;\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.001). In contrast, the Nal-resistant and -susceptible populations were indistinguishable according to all characteristics analyzed, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles. These findings indicate that Nal-resistant\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            is prevalent in retail poultry products and that a substantial minority of such strains represent potential human pathogens. The similarity of the Nal-resistant and -susceptible populations suggests that they derive from the same source population, presumably the avian fecal flora, with Nal resistance emerging by spontaneous mutation as a result of fluoroquinolone exposure.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.47.7.2161-2168.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,23]],"date-time":"2003-06-23T19:17:06Z","timestamp":1056395826000},"page":"2161-2168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":312,"title":["Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Nalidixic Acid-Resistant Extraintestinal Pathogenic\n            <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n            from Retail Chicken Products"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"James R.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Service"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Service"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abby","family":"Gajewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Service"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Snippes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Kuskowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center"},{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirk E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.51.1.268-276.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"13","volume":"5","year":"1994","unstructured":"Berg, D. 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