{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:35:56Z","timestamp":1792690556053,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,1]],"date-time":"2004-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            In modern medicine, artificial devices are used for repair or replacement of damaged parts of the body, delivery of drugs, and monitoring the status of critically ill patients. However, artificial surfaces are often susceptible to colonization by bacteria and fungi. Once microorganisms have adhered to the surface, they can form biofilms, resulting in highly resistant local or systemic infections. At this time, the evidence suggests that (+)-usnic acid, a secondary lichen metabolite, possesses antimicrobial activity against a number of planktonic gram-positive bacteria, including\n            <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n            . Since lichens are surface-attached communities that produce antibiotics, including usnic acid, to protect themselves from colonization by other bacteria, we hypothesized that the mode of action of usnic acid may be utilized in the control of medical biofilms. We loaded (+)-usnic acid into modified polyurethane and quantitatively assessed the capacity of (+)-usnic acid to control biofilm formation by either\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            or\n            <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n            under laminar flow conditions by using image analysis. (+)-Usnic acid-loaded polymers did not inhibit the initial attachment of\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            cells, but killing the attached cells resulted in the inhibition of biofilm. Interestingly, although\n            <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n            biofilms did form on the surface of (+)-usnic acid-loaded polymer, the morphology of the biofilm was altered, possibly indicating that (+)-usnic acid interfered with signaling pathways.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.48.11.4360-4365.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,25]],"date-time":"2004-10-25T18:09:00Z","timestamp":1098727740000},"page":"4360-4365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":231,"title":["Usnic Acid, a Natural Antimicrobial Agent Able To Inhibit Bacterial Biofilm Formation on Polymer Surfaces"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"I.","family":"Francolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University\u2014Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza,\u201d"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University\u2014Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Piozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza,\u201d"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Donelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technologies and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanita\u0300, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Stoodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University\u2014Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana"},{"name":"Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199903000-00028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(02)01386-X","volume":"84","year":"2002","unstructured":"Campanella, L., M. Delfini, P. Ercole, A. Iacoangeli, and G. Risuleo. 2002. Molecular characterization and action of usnic acid: a drug that inhibits proliferation of mouse polyomavirus in vitro and whose main target is RNA transcription. Biochimie84:329-334.","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1086\/645901","volume":"9","year":"1988","unstructured":"Craig, W. A. 1988. Do antibiotic combinations prevent the emergence of resistant organisms? Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.9:417-419.","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5361.295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2002.14.5.501","volume":"14","year":"2002","unstructured":"Donelli, G., I. Francolini, A. Piozzi, R. Di Rosa, and W. Marconi. 2002. 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