{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:44:46Z","timestamp":1790905486663,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]],"date-time":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug with inhibitory activity against many RNA viruses, including measles virus. Five patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) were treated with ribavirin by intraventricular administration. Although there were transient side effects attributed to ribavirin, such as drowsiness, headache, lip and gingival swelling, and conjunctival hyperemia, intraventricular ribavirin therapy was generally safe and well tolerated. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ribavirin concentration decreased, as described by a monoexponential function, after a single intraventricular dose. There was considerable interindividual variability, however, in the peak level and half-life. We aimed to adjust the individual dose and frequency of intraventricular administration based on the peak level and half-life of ribavirin in the CSF in order to maintain the CSF ribavirin concentration at the target level. Clinical effectiveness (significant neurologic improvement and\/or a significant decrease in titers of hemagglutination inhibition antibodies against measles virus in CSF) was observed for four of five patients. For these four patients, CSF ribavirin concentrations were maintained at a level at which SSPE virus replication was almost completely inhibited in vitro and in vivo, whereas the concentration was lower in the patient without clinical improvement. These results suggest that intraventricular administration of ribavirin is effective against SSPE if the CSF ribavirin concentration is maintained at a high level. Intraventricular ribavirin therapy should be pursued further for its potential use for patients with SSPE and might be applied in the treatment of patients with encephalitis caused by other RNA viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.48.12.4631-4635.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,24]],"date-time":"2004-11-24T03:00:46Z","timestamp":1101265246000},"page":"4631-4635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and Effects of Ribavirin following Intraventricular Administration for Treatment of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Mitsuaki","family":"Hosoya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuichi","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akemi","family":"Tomoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Development, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tokushima University School of Medicine, Tokushima"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukio","family":"Sawaishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiro","family":"Shigeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"19","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bradbury, M. W. B. 1993. Anatomy and physiology of cerebrospinal fluid, p. 19-47. In P. H. Schurr, and C. E. Polkey (ed.), Hydrocephalus. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.","journal-title":"Hydrocephalus"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/82191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/91.4.707","volume":"91","year":"1968","unstructured":"Cutler, R. W., P. L. Page, J. Galicich, and G. V. Watters. 1968. Formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid in man. Brain91:707-720.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410110407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.4.653"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(89)90072-7","volume":"12","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hosoya, M., S. Shigeta, K. Nakamura, and E. De Clercq. 1989. Inhibitory effects of selected antiviral compounds on measles (SSPE) virus replication in vitro. Antivir. Res.12:87-98.","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.3.943-945.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.3.2.235"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.1.241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.177.4050.705"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(00)00233-2","volume":"24","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tomoda, A., S. Shiraishi, M. Hosoya, A. Hamada, and T. Miike. 2001. Combined treatment with interferon-alpha and ribavirin for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Pediatr. Neurol.24:54-59.","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"507","volume":"27","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tomoda, A., K Nomura, S. Shiraishi, et al. 2003. Trial of intraventricular ribavirin therapy for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in Japan. Brain Dev.27:507-513.","journal-title":"Brain Dev."}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.48.12.4631-4635.2004","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.48.12.4631-4635.2004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T18:13:10Z","timestamp":1645467190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.48.12.4631-4635.2004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.48.12.4631-4635.2004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.48.12.4631-4635.2004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-01-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-08-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-12-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}