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In the present study, quercetin (3,3\u2032,4\u2032,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone), a potent immunomodulating flavonoid, was shown to directly induce the death of\n            <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/jats:italic>\n            , the causative agent of HAT, without affecting normal human cell viability. Quercetin directly promoted\n            <jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic>\n            death by apoptosis as shown by Annexin V binding. In addition to microbicidal activity, quercetin induced dose-dependent decreases in the levels of TNF-\u03b1 and nitric oxide produced by activated human macrophages. These results highlight the potential use of quercetin as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of African trypanomiasis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.48.3.924-929.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,24]],"date-time":"2004-02-24T17:53:08Z","timestamp":1077645188000},"page":"924-929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Quercetin Induces Apoptosis of\n            <i>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/i>\n            and Decreases the Proinflammatory Response of Human Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Mamani-Matsuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoires d'Immunologie et de Parasitologie, E.A. 3677, Bases The\u0301rapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses et Anti-Inflammatoires, Universite\u0301 Bordeaux II"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Je\u0301ro\u0302me","family":"Rambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoires d'Immunologie et de Parasitologie, E.A. 3677, Bases The\u0301rapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses et Anti-Inflammatoires, Universite\u0301 Bordeaux II"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Malvy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoires d'Immunologie et de Parasitologie, E.A. 3677, Bases The\u0301rapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses et Anti-Inflammatoires, Universite\u0301 Bordeaux II"},{"name":"Service de Me\u0301decine Interne et des Maladies Tropicales, Ho\u0302pital Saint Andre\u0301, Bordeaux"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He\u0301le\u0300ne","family":"Lejoly-Boisseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoires d'Immunologie et de Parasitologie, E.A. 3677, Bases The\u0301rapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses et Anti-Inflammatoires, Universite\u0301 Bordeaux II"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Dauloue\u0300de","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoires d'Immunologie et de Parasitologie, E.A. 3677, Bases The\u0301rapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses et Anti-Inflammatoires, Universite\u0301 Bordeaux II"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Thiolat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoires d'Immunologie et de Parasitologie, E.A. 3677, Bases The\u0301rapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses et Anti-Inflammatoires, Universite\u0301 Bordeaux II"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Coves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unilever France, Rueil-Malmaison, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierrette","family":"Courtois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoires d'Immunologie et de Parasitologie, E.A. 3677, Bases The\u0301rapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses et Anti-Inflammatoires, Universite\u0301 Bordeaux II"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Vincendeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoires d'Immunologie et de Parasitologie, E.A. 3677, Bases The\u0301rapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses et Anti-Inflammatoires, Universite\u0301 Bordeaux II"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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