{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T23:01:14Z","timestamp":1781737274231,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,1]],"date-time":"2004-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1091318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Dental plaque samples from 40 children were screened for the presence of bacteria resistant to amoxicillin. Fifteen children had used amoxicillin and 25 had not used any antibiotic in the 3 months prior to sample collection. All (100%) of the children harbored amoxicillin-resistant oral bacteria. The median percentage of the total cultivable oral microbiota resistant to amoxicillin was 2.4% (range, 0.1 to 14.3%) in children without amoxicillin use and 10.9% (range, 0.8 to 97.3%) in children with amoxicillin use, with the latter value being significantly higher (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.01). A total of 224 amoxicillin-resistant bacteria were isolated and comprised three main genera:\n            <jats:italic>Haemophilus<\/jats:italic>\n            spp.,\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n            spp., and\n            <jats:italic>Veillonella<\/jats:italic>\n            spp. The biodiversity of the amoxicillin-resistant microbiota was similar among the isolates from children with and without previous antibiotic use. The amoxicillin MIC at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited for isolates from children who had used amoxicillin in the previous 3 months was higher (64 mg liter\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            ) than that obtained for the isolates from subjects who had not used antibiotics (16 mg liter\n            <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n            ). The majority of the amoxicillin-resistant isolates (65%) were also resistant to at least one of the three antibiotics tested (penicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline), with resistance to penicillin (51% of isolates) being the most frequently encountered. However, significantly more (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.05) of the amoxicillin-resistant isolates from subjects with previous amoxicillin use were also resistant to erythromycin. This study has demonstrated that a diverse collection of amoxicillin-resistant bacteria is present in the oral cavity and that the number, proportions, MICs, and resistance to erythromycin can significantly increase with amoxicillin use.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.48.8.2883-2887.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,23]],"date-time":"2004-07-23T18:45:20Z","timestamp":1090608320000},"page":"2883-2887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Effect of Amoxicillin Use on Oral Microbiota in Young Children"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Ready","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastman Dental Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London WC1X 8LD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Lancaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8LD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8LD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Bedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, London SE1 8UG, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Mullany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8LD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8LD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(85)90048-5","volume":"16","year":"1985","unstructured":"Akimoto, Y., H. Nishimura, M. Komiya, T. Shibata, K. Kaneko, A. Fujii, and T. Tamura. 1985. Ampicillin concentrations in human serum, gingiva, the mandibular bone, and dental follicle following a single oral administration. Gen. Pharmacol.16:125-128.","journal-title":"Gen. Pharmacol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.suppl_1.43"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"British National Formulary. 2003. Drugs used in the treatment of infections. British National Formulary British Medical Association and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain London United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1995.1.85"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1159\/000261368","volume":"25","year":"1991","unstructured":"Crossner, C. G., J. C. Hase, and D. Birkhed. 1991. Oral sugar clearance in children compared with adults. Caries Res.25:201-206.","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.5.365"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/15.4.501","volume":"15","year":"1985","unstructured":"Harrison, G. A., M. P. Rubin, R. M. Davies, and D. C. Speller. 1985. Resistance in oral streptococci after repetition of a single-dose amoxycillin prophylactic regimen. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.15:501-503.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/9.6.1065"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"115","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lane, D. J. 1996. 16S\/23S rRNA sequencing, p. 115-175. In E. Stackebrandt and M. Goodfellow (ed.), Nucleic acid techniques in bacterial systematics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, United Kingdom.","journal-title":"Nucleic acid techniques in bacterial systematics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000016505","volume":"33","year":"1999","unstructured":"Luke, G. A., H. Gough, J. A. Beeley, and D. A. Geddes. 1999. Human salivary sugar clearance after sugar rinses and intake of foodstuffs. Caries Res.33:123-129.","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.5.605"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5876(81)90057-4","volume":"3","year":"1981","unstructured":"Nelson, J. D., C. M. Ginsburg, O. Mcleland, J. Clahsen, M. C. Culbertson, Jr., and H. Carder. 1981. Concentrations of antimicrobial agents in middle ear fluid, saliva and tears. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol.3:327-334.","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. 2003. Antibiotic prescription items per 1000 patient years at risk by BNF sub-section age sex and calendar year: 1994-98. [Online.] http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.uk\/\n."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"135","volume":"100","year":"1999","unstructured":"Packer, S., N. Woodley, M. Wilson, and P. Mullany. 1999. Prevalence and persistence of amoxycillin-resistant bacteria in the dental plaques of adults. Microbios100:135-144.","journal-title":"Microbios"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.11.2914"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf005","volume":"49","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ready, D., A. P. Roberts, J. Pratten, D. A. Spratt, M. Wilson, and P. Mullany. 2002. Composition and antibiotic resistance profile of microcosm dental plaques before and after exposure to tetracycline. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.49:769-775.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107662903322762806"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(98)00100-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"Shannon C. E. and W. Weaver. 1963. The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press Urbana."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"SPSS Inc. 2000. SPSS 10.0 syntax reference guide. SPSS Inc. Chicago Ill."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.25.3.304","volume":"25","year":"1970","unstructured":"Stewart S. M., M. Fisher, J. E. Young, and W. Lutz. 1970. Ampicillin levels in sputum, serum, and saliva. Thorax25:304-311.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1997.tb01193.x","volume":"24","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tenenbaum, H., F. Jehl C. Gallion, and M. Dahan. 1997. Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid. J. Clin. Periodontol.24:804-807.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1998.tb00698.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00013542-199704000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-19-1-15","volume":"19","year":"1985","unstructured":"Woodman, A. J., J. Vidic, H. N. Newman, and P. D. Marsh. 1985. Effect of repeated high dose prophylaxis with amoxycillin on the resident oral flora of adult volunteers. J. Med. Microbiol.19:15-23.","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.48.8.2883-2887.2004","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.48.8.2883-2887.2004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T18:24:37Z","timestamp":1645467877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.48.8.2883-2887.2004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.48.8.2883-2887.2004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.48.8.2883-2887.2004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-02-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-04-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-08-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}