{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T03:13:38Z","timestamp":1785554018520,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            We assessed the mechanisms of resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS\n            <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n            ) antibiotics and related antibiotics in erythromycin-resistant viridans group streptococci (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 164) and\n            <jats:italic>Gemella<\/jats:italic>\n            spp. (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 28). The macrolide resistance phenotype was predominant (59.38%); all isolates with this phenotype carried the\n            <jats:italic>mef<\/jats:italic>\n            (A) or\n            <jats:italic>mef<\/jats:italic>\n            (E) gene, with\n            <jats:italic>mef<\/jats:italic>\n            (E) being predominant (95.36%). The\n            <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>\n            (B) gene was always detected in strains with constitutive and inducible MLS\n            <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n            resistance and was combined with the\n            <jats:italic>mef<\/jats:italic>\n            (A\/E) gene in 47.44% of isolates. None of the isolates carried the\n            <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>\n            (A) subclass\n            <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>\n            (TR),\n            <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>\n            (A), or\n            <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>\n            (C) genes. The\n            <jats:italic>mel<\/jats:italic>\n            gene was detected in all but four strains carrying the\n            <jats:italic>mef<\/jats:italic>\n            (A\/E) gene. The\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (M) gene was found in 86.90% of tetracycline-resistant isolates and was strongly associated with the presence of the\n            <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>\n            (B) gene. The\n            <jats:italic>\n              cat\n              <jats:sub>pC194<\/jats:sub>\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            gene was detected in seven chloramphenicol-resistant\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus mitis<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates, and the\n            <jats:italic>aph<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>3\u2032<\/jats:italic>\n            )-\n            <jats:italic>III<\/jats:italic>\n            gene was detected in four viridans group streptococcal isolates with high-level kanamycin resistance. The\n            <jats:italic>intTn<\/jats:italic>\n            gene was found in all isolates with the\n            <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>\n            (B),\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (M),\n            <jats:italic>aph<\/jats:italic>\n            (\n            <jats:italic>3\u2032<\/jats:italic>\n            )\n            <jats:italic>-III<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>\n              cat\n              <jats:sub>pC194<\/jats:sub>\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            gene. The\n            <jats:italic>mef<\/jats:italic>\n            (E) and\n            <jats:italic>mel<\/jats:italic>\n            genes were successfully transferred from both groups of bacteria to\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            R6 by transformation. Viridans group streptococci and\n            <jats:italic>Gemella<\/jats:italic>\n            spp. seem to be important reservoirs of resistance genes.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.48.9.3462-3467.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,24]],"date-time":"2004-08-24T19:12:57Z","timestamp":1093374777000},"page":"3462-3467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Molecular Basis of Resistance to Macrolides and Other Antibiotics in Commensal Viridans Group Streptococci and\n            <i>Gemella<\/i>\n            spp. and Transfer of Resistance Genes to\n            <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Cerda\u0301 Zolezzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Zaragoza University School of Medicine, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia Milla\u0301n","family":"Laplana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Zaragoza University School of Medicine, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen Rubio","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Zaragoza University School of Medicine, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar Gon\u0303i","family":"Cepero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Zaragoza University School of Medicine, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melisa Canales","family":"Erazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Zaragoza University School of Medicine, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Go\u0301mez-Lus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Zaragoza University School of Medicine, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.4.592","volume":"48","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aracil, B., M. Mi\u00f1ambres, J. Oteo, C. Torres, J. L. G\u00f3mez-Garc\u00e9s, and J. I. Al\u00f3s. 2001. High prevalence of erythromycin-resistant and clindamycin-susceptible (M phenotype) viridans group streptococci from pharyngeal samples: a reservoir of mef genes in commensal bacteria. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.48:592-594.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.9.2335"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Currents protocols in molecular biology 1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1198-743x.2001.00398.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1996.01521.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.9.1685"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Comit\u00e9 de l'Antibiogramme de la Societ\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Microbiologie. 1999. Communiqu\u00e9 1999. Societ\u00e9 Francaise de Microbiologie Paris France."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.9.2299"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.3.774-778.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.4.891"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.11.2979-2984.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-39-3-179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.4.613-630.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.5.948"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/16.4.586","volume":"16","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fresard, A., V. P. Michel, X. Rueda, G. Aubert, G. Dorche, and F. Lucht. 1993. Gemella haemolysans endocarditis. Clin. Infect. Dis.16:586-587.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/321001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(02)00374-7","volume":"43","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gordon, K. A., M. L. Beach, D. J. Biedenbach, R. N. Jones, P. R. Rhomberg, and A. H. Mutnick. 2002. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of \u03b2-hemolytic and viridans group streptococci: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997-2000). Diag. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.43:157-162.","journal-title":"Diag. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.24.11140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.21.1.176"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2003.05.001","volume":"22","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ioannidou, S., J. Papaparaskevas, P. T. Tassios, M. Foustoukou, N. J. Legakis, and A. Vatopoulus. 2003. Prevalence and characterization of the mechanisms of macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin resistance in viridans group streptococci. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents22:626-629.","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00338-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.8.2375-2377.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.5.693"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.4.866-871.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.7.1267"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"19","volume":"44","year":"1999","unstructured":"Luna, V. A., P. Coates, E. A. Eady, J. H. Cove, T. T. Nguyen, and M. C. Roberts. 1999. A variety of gram-positive bacteria carry mobile mef genes. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.44:19-25.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.8.2513-2517.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","unstructured":"Microbiology 1982"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.9.2312"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","first-page":"45","volume":"3","year":"1997","unstructured":"Morrison, D. A. 1997. Streptococcal competence for genetic transformation: regulation by peptide pheromones. Microb. Drug Resist.3:45-55.","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2003. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility test. Approved standard M2-A8. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Wayne Pa."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2003. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved standard M7-A6. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Wayne Pa."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2000. Performance standards for susceptibility testing. Tenth informational supplement M100-S10 (M7). National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Wayne Pa."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1995.tb00124.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.4.1078-1080.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/28.3.463","volume":"28","year":"1991","unstructured":"Potgieter, E., and L. J. Chalkley. 1991. Reciprocal transfer of penicillin resistance genes between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus sanguis.J. Antimicrob. Chemother.28:463-465.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.6.1505"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.8.1657"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.8.1871"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.10.2943-2946.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"346","volume":"12","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Avial, C., M. M. Garc\u00eda, I. Rodriguez-Avial, and J. J. Picazo. 1999. Fenotipos de resistencia a macr\u00f3lidos, lincosamidas y estreptograminas en Streptococcus del grupo viridans aislados de hemocultivos. Rev. Esp. Quimioter.12:346-351.","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Quimioter."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(03)00062-1","volume":"21","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Avial, I., C. Rodriguez-Avial, E. Culebras, and J. J. Picazo. 2003. Distribution of tetracycline resistance genes tet(M), tet(O), tet(L) and tet(K) in blood isolates of viridans group streptococci harbouring erm(B) and mef(A) genes. Susceptibility to quinupristin\/dalfopristin and linezolid. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents21:536-541.","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.59.4.579-590.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107662903322286445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.9.2585-2587.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/32.6.885"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.2.257"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.6.863"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.8.1817"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.11.2562"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.10.2251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/41.6.621"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.12.2593"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","unstructured":"Diagnostic molecular microbiology: principles and applications 1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.2.393-395.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.4.844"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.48.9.3462-3467.2004","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.48.9.3462-3467.2004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T18:43:12Z","timestamp":1645468992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.48.9.3462-3467.2004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.48.9.3462-3467.2004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.48.9.3462-3467.2004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-01-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-05-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-09-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}