{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T11:17:54Z","timestamp":1721387874181},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common reason for outpatient antimicrobial therapy. Mixed infections pose a potential problem, since the first-line drug used for the treatment of AOM, amoxicillin, can be neutralized by \u03b2-lactamase-producing pathogens of the upper respiratory tract. To study the effects of a 5-day course of amoxicillin on a mixed middle ear infection, rats were challenged with\n            <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            alone or in combination with \u03b2-lactamase-producing nontypeable\n            <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n            . Amoxicillin was introduced at the clinical peak of the infection. Local and systemic changes were monitored by otomicroscopy, bacterial culture, and analysis of histological changes and the expression of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-\u03b2) gene. \u03b2-Lactamase-producing\n            <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n            did not demonstrate an ability to protect\n            <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            . Amoxicillin eradicated the pneumococci in all treated animals but increased to some degree the ability of\n            <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n            to persist at the site of infection. Thus, only an insignificant acceleration of the resolution of the AOM caused by a mixture of pathogens was observed during treatment. Moderate to major morphological changes could not be avoided by treatment of the mixed infections, but a slight downregulation of TGF-\u03b2 expression was observed. In contrast to infections caused by a single pathogen, the mixed infections induced white plaques in the tympanic membrane at a remarkably high frequency independent of treatment. These experimental findings constitute support for further studies of antimicrobial drugs and AOM caused by bacteria with and without mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.48.9.3536-3542.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,24]],"date-time":"2004-08-24T19:12:57Z","timestamp":1093374777000},"page":"3536-3542","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["\u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Nontypeable\n            <i>Haemophilus influenzae<\/i>\n            Fails To Protect\n            <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>\n            from Amoxicillin during Experimental Acute Otitis Media"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Eva","family":"Westman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Umea\u030a University Hospital, Umea\u030a"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Lundin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Malmo\u0308 University Hospital, Malmo\u0308"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Hermansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A\u030asa","family":"Melhus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Malmo\u0308 University Hospital, Malmo\u0308"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199903000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200111000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.7.1452"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.6.1170"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/49.4.689","volume":"49","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brook, I., and A. 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